ࡱ > f i c d e bjbj 8X 8 S zd 6 ( c c c c c c c $ f 8i ^ d q q ^ d X 4d -) -) -) c -) c -) -) mV l Z 0p P W * c Jd 0 zd X i & ~ i T Z Z i Z -) d d ' zd i :
6th CFES/FCST Meeting (121st CGC meeting)
Opus Hotel, Montreal
08:00 5 pm; Saturday, April 25, 2009
08:00 2.30 pm; Sunday, April 26, 2009
DRAFT MINUTES
CONTENTS
Delegates p. 2
Decisions and action items from draft minutes p. 3
Alerts p. 4
Draft Minutes p. 5 through 11
Reports from member societies p. 12 through 16
Discussion notes p. 17 through 25
DELEGATES
CFES/FCST Board:
Bill Mercer/ President
Ian Young/ Past president
Pat Ryall/treasurer
Peter Bobrowsky/International
Fran Haidl./outreach, CGEN president
Jeff Packard/Communications, GAC council
Steve Holysh, CNC-IAH past president
Elisabeth Kosters/managing dir
Council of members and observers:
Michel Aubertin/CGS
Marc dIorio/GSC
Jon Downton/CSEG
Lisa Griffith/CSPG
Martin Head/CCCESD
Scott Jobin-Bevans/PDAC
Godfrey Nowlan/CNC-IYPE
Michel Parent/CanQua
Dominique Potvin/CNC-UNESCO - observer
Dan Smith/CAG
Jean Vavrek/CIM
Decisions and Action Items (highlighted in yellow in the text, numbers refer to agenda numbers)
3.2. Workforce Issues: IUGS International Task force on Workforce issues, chaired by Chris Keane (AGI). CFES will be represented by Ian Young and Elisabeth Kosters (back up)
3.2. Workforce issues: Under 30 subcommittee:
Elisabeth Kosters to ask Ollie Bonham if he wishes to continue as chair.
Add more under 30s to the committee
Steve Holysh to join under 30 subcommittee
Elisabeth Kosters to send under 30 information to Michel Aubertin
4.2 Outreach CGEN will market the careers website and has added location details of members on site, so they can be more easily consulted
5. Mentorship award: entire Board to search additional committee member for mentorship award committee, as Paul Smith will step out.
6.2.b. GeoCanada 2010: Steve Holysh to take initiative to have a groundwater session/workshop/initiative at GeoCanada 2010
7. Communications: Jeff Packard to design and print CFES/FCST poster to be distributed to member organizations so they can display it at their conferences. Also: e-blast to member organizations two to four times per year max (Elisabeth)
11. CFES/FCST Fundraiser Committee (includes taking over from Jim Reimer): Bill Mercer, Ian Young, Pat Ryal, Elisabeth Kosters (e.o.). Fundraising committee to seek advice from CCPG (Ollie Bonham). Elisabeth to find out from Michel Aubertin and Steve Holysh from hydrocompanies about potential sponsoring of CFES/FCST, Ian Young from CAPP, Richard Moore from MAC. Elisabeth to research possibilities of NSERC funding for promotion of science as well as BIG online, an online Canadian funding source.
12. AGM postponed to October Meeting in Regina
15. International CNC-IGCP Peter Bobrowsky to ask CNC-IGCP to synthesize activities over the last 5-10 years to that this can be communicated to the Canadian public and may also be used as a vehicle to raise the necessary 10k operational funds.
15. International CNC - GeoParks, a CFES/FCST Committee: Godfrey Nowlan (chair/interim chair), others to be invited. Task: create ToR and immediately vetting of to be expected first proposal (Saint John)
15. International: CFES/FCST subcommittee (Peter Bobrowsky/chair, Martin Head, Steve Scott, Elisabeth/e.o.) to form scoping committee to research possibility for putting together proposal for IGC 2020. Scoping committee must also have senior GSC member.
NEW: National Geological Timescale Committee, aCFES/FCST committee, to be chaired by Martin J. Head. Task: compose committee, write ToR, come back at October meeting (Regina) with progress.
Alerts (highlighted in green in the text, number refers to Agenda number)
15. Dominique Potvin points out that the UNESCO: 3d World Water Report came out in March 2009 HYPERLINK "http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/" http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/. Canada is criticized in that report.
15. Please read in any case the summary of Dominique Potvin introduction on the CNC-UNESCO
NRC Journals will become privatized and no longer free to Canadians.
DRAFT MINUTES
Discussion notes are at the end of the document.
Meeting called to order at 8.10 Saturday April 25 by Bill Mercer, who welcomes everyone and initiates a round of introductions.
a) Agenda approval: Moved to approve modified agenda: Ian Young, seconded by Steve Holysh.
b) Approval of Minutes of the (120th CGC) 5th CFES meeting in Banff HYPERLINK "http://www.geoscience.ca/minutes.html" http://www.geoscience.ca/minutes.html: moved by Peter Bobrowsky, Seconded by Steve Holysh.
Workforce issues. HQP Survey Follow up. Report written, posted in August 2008 at HYPERLINK "http://www.geoscience.ca/CFES_HR_requirements_Canadian_earth_sciences.pdf" http://www.geoscience.ca/CFES_HR_requirements_Canadian_earth_sciences.pdf and at HYPERLINK "http://www.geoscience.ca/HQP%20Survey_powerpoint.pdf" http://www.geoscience.ca/HQP%20Survey_powerpoint.pdf.
Phase 1 follow up: Journalist (Susan Eaton) recruited to write series of articles in trade journals. Petroleum sector first: articles published in CSEG Recorder, CSPG Reservoir and AAPG Explorer as well as on HYPERLINK "http://www.oilpatchcareers.com" www.oilpatchcareers.com and on the online newsletter of the Earth science department of the UoC, all in 2009. Other sectors to come.
under 30 initiative, outflow of discussions at previous CFES/FCST meeting in Banff. Ollie Bonham is chair, he has been on a long leave. Elisabeth will ask if he wants to continue
Conclusions
Elisabeth Kosters to ask Ollie Bonham if he wishes to continue as chair.
Add more under 30s to the committee
Steve Holysh to join under 30 subcommittee
Elisabeth Kosters to send under 30 information to Michel Aubertin
Key points in discussion
Poor knowledge of what happens to U/grads after graduation. Number lost to earth sciences after graduation is not known.
Problems of cyclicity in hiring due to economy
Presently poor employment in oil&gas and minerals at the same time. However, there is still a shortage of hydrologists.
It was pointed out (PB) that this is a global issue as discussed at the IGC in Oslo. AGI is forming a working group and CFES needs to nominate someone to this group: Ian Young and Elisabeth Kosters (back up) are nominated.
The minerals industry through MIHR has set up a type of mentorship website.
There was also discussion about bringing the concept of professional status to university heads, as they will take earth science departments more seriously if they understand the professional status and its requirements.
Outreach
CNC-IYPE Godfrey Nowlan summarizes activities of CNC-IYPE. See report (separate).
DISCUSSION:
Transition CNC-IYPE to CFES/FCST should take place at the October CFES/FCST meeting in Regina. See further under Funding (agenda item 11)
The main question on the WHERE challenge moving forward, given that there was a consensus that it should continue, is the issue of funding how much will it cost and how will it fund raise?
The cost estimate is $50-60,000. It requires someone dedicated to it with salary covered.
The fund raising director at IYPE is Jim Reimer. There was a decision to ask him to continue in this role, but seeking someone to work with him.
CGEN and CGEN outreach liaison Fran Haidl see CGEN report (separate)
Godfrey Nowlan is incoming president of CGEN, Charley Bank at UoT is president-elect. Fran reports on
i careers website, CGEN will market the careers site.
ii EdGEO elementary curriculum in every province and territory has rocks and minerals. EdGEO provides resources so teachers can actually teach this. In 2008, CGEN reached 522 teachers through workshops. Thanks to CSPG who provided 12,500, which keeps EdGEO going. CGEN provided 3k, which comes out of the 5k that CGEN gets from CFES. GSC gave 15k to compile lesson plans and make them suitable on website so teachers teachers and geoscientists giving workshops can use them. EdGEO now managed by Laura Clinton. EdGEO has also applied for funding from CGF to develop lesson plans and hands on activities to wedge ES into Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geography. It is very difficult to get a change in the curriculum, but there are many opportunities to wedge ES into other sciences. HYPERLINK "http://www.edgeo.org" www.edgeo.org
iii Earthnet.
iv What on Earth
v Friends of Canadian Geoheritage
everyone of this meeting, encourage attendants to join CGEN.
Outreach liaison - Participation in teleconferences has been declining so Godfrey and Fran will contact committee members and encourage them to take part in the next meeting on June 15.
Discussion and action items
Important to locate CGEN members by location, this will be added to website.
Godfrey and Fran to contact members of the Outreach liaison committee.
CFES/FCST Awards
Mentorship award Elisabeth Kosters. Medal is passed around and admired. Award will be given to Paul F. Williams at Joint Assembly (GAC/MAC) Presidents reception. Thanks to committee: Shoufa Lin, Daniel Lebel (new GAC president), Paul Smith (CCCESD). Next call for nominations: over the summer for deadline end September. Need additional committee member, as Paul is going on sabattical.
Teacher award Fran Haidl
Will be working on it with Eileen. Are investigating modelling it after history teachers award.
GeoCanada 2010 Ian Young, Jeff Packard, Fran Haidl, Elisabeth Kosters
Conference progress in general
Geocanada 2000 was at UoC with an infinite number of lecture halls. Stampede park (2010) has a limited number of lecture halls.
Organization has a real problem with society engagement at this point.
AAPG ICE is in September of 2010 in Calgary, CIM Petroleum is May 9-12, difficult because of sponsorship issues.
19 participating organizations. Issue with Stampede park (not enough room), but there is a commitment for JACC to go with the Stampede Park.
Target of 5000 people unrealistic with room for only 350 talks (in 2000, there were 5000 people and 1000 presentations)?
Technical sessions that CFES is involved in:
Resources and the future: Bill Mercer, Ian Young
Groundwater (see To the Government document later) Steve Holysh to take initiative
Public outreach component: Fran Haidl/CGEN
Art exhibit Jeff Packard, Ian Young, Elisabeth Kosters
Earth Science for Society Fran Haidl, Jeff Packard, Jean Vavrek
Teachers workshop and field trip Fran Haidl, Godfrey Nowlan
Special outreach session
Communicating Earth Science to the Public workshop
Communications, Jeff Packard
Media releases: no uptake.
Need careful planning for ESAAP media release. Must know reporters personally.
Booth materials Design poster (celebration of achievements) and send to member organizations to put up at conferences: Jeff
e-blast to member organizations two to four times per year max (Elisabeth)
ESAAP: Earth Science Advocacy and Advisory Panel. Ian Young, Bill Mercer
Ian: brings back history he and Paul Smith went to see Peter Nicholson in 06. PN told them to get high profile individuals from each ES sector to promote ES on behalf of CFES. In the end, we have a couple of people with very big names. Roberta Bondar, former astronaut ( HYPERLINK "http://www.robertabondar.com/" http://www.robertabondar.com/) for (geo)scientific literacy in general, Clay Riddell (for Petroleum Industry), Eira Thomas for the Mining Industry, Phil Currie (paleontologist at Tyrell/UoA) for Earth Science in general and heritage, Hector Jacques (formerly Jacques Whitford) for environmental/geotech, Jim Franklin (former GSC) for ES in general and government. We had 1 phone meeting, people are very committed and passionate. These people are opinion leaders and can help communicate that the future is not only above our heads, but also beneath our feet (paraphrasing Marc Garneau, former astronaut).
The To the government long term strategic document receives feedback in several break-out sessions (separate document). This document will be discussed with the panel at the next teleconference.
Student chapters merging GAC/PDAC Logan chapter with CSPG student chapter. Formal approvals from organizations are in. Hopefully operational by September
Insurance. PDAC is sharing 3-line insurance opportunity with CFES member societies, marketing will be done in the next 2 months.
Funding
Financial report: Pat Ryall
All accounts moved to NS. Financial year ended 3 weeks ago. This year is still James Burnss responsibility w.r.t. the accountants and final books. We are running a significant deficit. Our expenditures are way too high.
Decided to have a fundraising committee to take over from Jim Reimer (CNC-IYPE). Members: 1 from each sector in addition to Bill Mercer, Ian Young, Pat Ryal
Decided to ask advice from Ollie Bonham (CEO of CCPG): Elisabeth
Decided to find out from geotech companies how they could sponsor: Michel Aubertin, Steve Holysh
Decided to find out if CAPP is interested in sponsoring: Ian Young
Decided to find out if MAC is interested: Richard Moore, Bill Mercer
Decided to try to raise funding from NSERC: Elisabeth to find out
Decided to try to advertise on website: Elisabeth to find out
Annual General Meeting.
Since we dont have a financial statement yet (this meeting too close to the end of the fiscal year), the President asks for a motion to move the AGM to our October meeting: Pat Ryall moved, Steve Holysh seconded, motion accepted
CanGeoRef
Assessment reports from provinces considered very important, 4 provinces have volunteered to participate in pilot: Manitoba, Newfoundland-Lab, Alberta, Ontario. Lawyer reviewed draft of AGI contract (free), needs minor work.
List of organizations that currently subscribe to CanGeoRef: 36 universities, 7 Federal organizations, 6 provincial organizations, 14 industry - mostly big companies. Lacking medium size companies, which are best target. Feedback from Jean CIM members dont see use for CanGeoRef (note from Elisabeth: this is the first negative feedback on the initiative in nearly 2 years, all others have been positive).
Looking at hiring person whom AGI will train. Wrote grant proposal to CGF for start up funding. See this proposal for all details. . Scott J-B suggested there may be funding possibilities to cover the salary of the data entry person.
Next topic for CFES focus: water Steve Holysh
See separate document, submitted by Steve Holysh, which became part of the long term strategic document
The Provincial Environment Ministers are also putting together a paper, prepared by a consultant (Golder).
Involve ESAAP panel members in GeoCanada session Jim Franklin probably the most knowledgeable.
Dominique Potvin points out that the UNESCO: 3d World Water Report came out in March 2009 HYPERLINK "http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/" http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/. Canada is criticized in that report.
International Issues, Peter Bobrowsky
General: International Report IUGS, CNC-IGCP, IGC (see report, was attached with Agenda)
Canadian National Committee for the International Geoscience Program CNC-IGCP. CNC-IGCP reports to CFES/FCST (in the past to CGC). Results of IGCP need to be made more understandable to the Canadian public, i.e. the link with society be more explicit.
Peter will ask the committee to synthesize activities and productivity over the last few years.
Just because it doesnt have 10k, we shouldnt get rid of these 6 scientists. They are senior people who have contributed much. Are we asking the committee to come up with the money themselves? That would be odd, but why not. It would be embarrassing if we didnt keep the committee going, we can ask them to draft a proposal for 10k, send it to us, and we forward it with support / stamp of approval from us. In the US, the National Academy of Sciences funds it, because this is strictly research, i.e. we should be dealing with NSERC. We could ask the ESAAP panel to endorse this. Classic example of small amount of money leveraging a lot was Roberta Bondar going into space.
The advantage of keeping it alive is because of information purposes, but then the committee will have to work on that aspect. Peter will ask the committee to synthesize activities and productivity over the last few years.
Canadian National Committee for the International Union of GeoSciences (CNC-IUGS)
all CFES/FCST board members have been signed up to receive the IUGS newsletter. Elisabeth to send IUGS newsletter to member societies so it can be distributed
33d International Geological Congress, Oslo, Norway, August 2008
IGC 2008 very successful. 2012: Brisbane, 2016: Cape Town, 2020 Canada? We must have a presentation at 2012, that means in the next 3 years we must put together an important bid. NRC has some seed money to evaluate the potential for this. NRC meeting is in June.
Decided to start a scoping group: Peter Bobrowsky, Martin Head, Steve Scott, Elisabeth Kosters (e.o.). Peter will explore GSC member.
OneGeology not in Peters report. Very important initiative. Peter will send around information (done) HYPERLINK "http://www.onegeology.org/" http://www.onegeology.org/
International subcommittee of CFES, needs to be expanded.
CNC-UNESCO / GeoParks
Dominique Potvin on CNC-UNESCO.
See separate report
GeoParks
CNC-GeoParks, a CFES/FCST Committee: Godfrey Nowlan (chair/interim chair), other suggested names: Alwynne Beaudoin, Peter Bobrowsky, Alan Donaldson (Canadian Geoheritage Committee), Jenna Boon (director of the Joggins Fossil Institute), John Calder (initiator of Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site), Randy Miller (Saint John, NB initiator of first Canadian Geopark), others?: Task: create ToR.
NEW: Canadian Geologic Time Scale / Martin Head
Canada does not have an endorsed geologic time scale, contrary to most other countries (the US has 2, one by USGS and one by GSA). There is one kept by the GSC one, up to date until 2006. It contains old and new terms, but is not fully up to date now, a geologic time scale is a living document and needs to be continually updated.
Bill Mercer asks for a move that we go ahead to form a committee, Jeff Packard moved, Michel Parent seconded. Motion accepted. Martin Head chair, needs to find other members, Should also consult with GAC paleontology division. Should draw in a lot of expertise. Elisabeth (e.o.)
Aside / NRC journals
NRC journals (such as Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences) are being privatized. They will no longer be free to the users! This is a major concern. It was announced a few months ago, one of the outcomes of the NRC review
Reports from Member and Observer Organizations
See separate report
A special thank you to Jeff Ollerhead, who made a great contribution to this committee for a number of years and was part of the renewal of this organization.
Date and place of next semi-annual meeting: October 17/18 or October 24/25 at the University of Regina Conference Venue, Regina, SK
Meeting adjourned, 2.30 pm, Sunday April 26
Reports from Member and Observer Organizations
CAG / CGRG Dan Smith
CAG pays dues to CFES/FCST, CGRG doesnt. CGRG has membership in 5 different organizations.
CAG - Membership has been growing at 100/yr over the last 5/6 years. Total membership 1200, about 200/300 at most are physical geographers. 45% members are now students, had to completely reinvent the organization which didnt cater to students.
News digest sent out once a week, response from members of list serve is phenomenal. Identify geographer of the week, has become competitive, this is building community.
Journal: Canadian Geographer, self published journal, printed by UoT for 40 years, thanks to a grant from SSHRC. From now on through Wiley Blackwell, theyll have royalty.
Generate revenue from journal, from conference, from grants from SSHRC. We can now give back to students (travel to conference).
Regional meetings have exploded. A lot of students come to those.
National meeting doesnt work well for students, because its in June.
Challenge they must become more social science oriented.
PDAC Scott Jobin Bevans
In July 2007, PDAC started a strategic planning exercise, a 3-5 yr process.
Bigger issues: CSR for membership, maximizing exploration land base and.
Scott chairs HRD committee. Partnering with MIHR to develop programs (check their site), especially mentorship program.
Also: natl occupation standards for exploration (rather than mining, i.e. production).
Partnered with MIHR to build website component to career site , with videos etc. Student side: SIMEW (next week) for 2 weeks. Gets a lot of industry support. Budget 170k for this. PDAC provides 135k, needed 40k sponsorship. Harrison Schmitt as keynote speaker (astronaut) Apollo mission, studies He3 fusion and has written books on lunar exploration.
Mining Matters 120 countries represented at their national convention.
CSR E3 E3+ framework for responsible exploration. E3 original manual, The World Bank would only endorse it if there was a community engagement part, which was added. 7 principles and guidance notes. How many companies actually stick by these principles? Tool books are all on the web and theyre all free.
Guatemala has approached them to adopt some of these guidelines. Canadian first nation chiefs tend to get invited to round tables with indigenous people in other countries.
Private members bill C300 in Ontario mining, oil&gas in developing countries. Minister can deal with complaints of Canadian companies abroad and offenders can be punished.
Continue to push for single natural regulator and security laws.
21000 members in 2008, last year, 18000 this year, 2007 was a record at 18000.
Student attendance doubled from 300 to 600. They are offering more for students.
Majors dont come back as major corporate members, so there is a concern. Rio Tinto pulled out of Royal School of Mines in the UK, this was no longer necessary, there are enough schools in the world.
CCCESD Martin Head
See report, was distributed with Agenda.
Increase in enrolment in response to downturn
service courses taught to other departments (non science majors and all that). Its a big contribution to outreach and earth science literacy.
Universities get fewer resources to teach and more resources on majors only, i.e. not only bums on seats.
A lot of students take more than 4 years because they work part time and so their time to degree is delayed.
M/F ratio is pretty much stable. Lowest proportion of F in faculty, then PhD, then undergrads (50/50). This is the same in the rest of the western world.
Ian refers to conversation with Clay Riddell about renewal. Clay believes it solves itself. Ian disagrees because Biology has 8 x the number of undergrads and these disseminate themselves in society, with a high life science public literacy as a result. Hence, we need more Earth Scientists in principle.
CSPG Lisa Griffith
AAPG will open an office in Calgary in the CSPG building.
Strategic planning exercise: 2 major issues:
national
AAPG
student chapters
alliances (more naturally NS rather than EW).
See if we can form alliances with local geological societies, form chapters across Canada. Times are tough, difficult for us who are so Calgary-centric. Were finding it very challenging to have technical content in publications and at conferences. Local groups at lunch hours are thriving. Real problems with publications, even though its digital now, difficult to get enough submissions.
reorganize office. Hired new exec director who is an accountant.
Other initiatives CSPG is participating with GAC on the reissue of the Facies Models book, paying for colored plates! Membership is down and so are registrations at conference.
The Reservoir is thriving.
Why is there lack of interest in core presentation?
GAC Jeff Packard
GAC numbers are flat w.r.t. last year, now 1600 members.
Daniel Lebel is going to take over presidency.
Hard work on liability and insurance and making sure that those who are members of individual sections are also GAC members so that insurance can actually cover them.
Strategic plan for 5 years, thanks to Carolyn Relf (current president).
Publications: huge back log of books looking to unload. Need to become more selective on what we are going to publish. Major concern about lack of control on conference (Nuna-Gussow and Joint Assembly). And similar concerns about Geocanada 2010.
2 full time staff working out of MUN. deficit position.
CIM Jean Vavrek
Annual meeting coming up. CIM is a federation of sorts.
Completed a membership survey, first since 20 years. 10% return, good cross section. 85% members satisfied to very satisfied. Feedback on magazine is great, advertisers like us.
Board approved 3m investment in web development.
Starting to see revenue generation on the web. 3-5 years, million dollars advertising.
Members want more peer reviewed articles, CIM is going back to a quarterly print bulletin
Strategic planning: rebranding the institute in a different kind of dialogue. Long term: from 15k to 50k members.
Hosting CESSE conference in Vancouver in 2011. 170 executives, including AGI, AGU etc. lots of outreach. Best practices, etc.
CIM has an MOU with Foreign Affairs for CSR globally.
Extraterrestrial planetary mining conference in Sudbury.
Steve Scott is their distinguished lecturer next year. Touring the country talking about subsea mining.
In 2020 CIM is in Edmonton. Jean needs soon about IGC.
Teachers without borders, working with CESSE. Bring in people from Africa and South America. Community engagement and indigenous knowledge. This is the sector where you can make a difference. Bono said it the world needs more Canada.
CNC-IAH (Steve Holysh)
Annual conference with CGS in Halifax. Next 3 years CNC-IAH will not have conference together with CGS. 2010 Geocanada. 2011.. 2012 Intl IAH Toronto.
350 members, fairly stable. Lots of hydrogeologists are member of the natl groundwater association.
Canqua Michel Parent
Last meeting was in Ottawa, joint with CGRG, was well attended. Next meeting in June in Vancouver. Attendance is up.
1) Quaternary has remained in geologic time scale. Thanks to John Clague.
2) GPQ journal is going belly up. Quebec govt used to fund French journals, but doesnt anymore. Weve been putting out messages for 18 mos to see if someone had a brilliant idea, but nobody did. The only Quaternary journal in Canada! Need 2-3 individuals to spearhead a transfer.
CSEG Jon Downton
Membership decline 2200 to 2000. Interesting shift, we have more student members, 240 at this point. Attribute that to distinguished lecture tour (Ron Clowes on Lithoprobe), opportunity to sign up members, increased outreach to universities, funding prizes for conferences.
4921 Attendants at last years convention. It was the 4th top geosciences convention in the world last year. More effort into web service. Most members come to monthly meetings / luncheons.
Doodle train went down to 21 courses this year, probably economy. This year running deficit. Outreach doing well. High school outreach. Light house award Calgary school board.
AGENDA ITEM 3.2
DISCUSSION NOTES UNDER 30 SUBCOMMITTEE
Discussion under 30
Ian Young: The shortage of Earth Scientists is urgent, downturn or no downturn, it relates not only to the economy but also to overall geoscientific literacy of the population at large (many people with biology degrees do not become biologists or medical doctors, but end up teaching science in high school, which yields ever more biology grads). There are currently large numbers of grads looking for work and this also relates to the no. 1 focus of the CFES/FCST Earth Science Advisory and Advocacy Panel: renewal in Earth Science.
Peter Bobrowsky: AGI recognizes that this is a global problem and has managed to get IUGS to agree to form a task force, chaired by AGI, on global work force issues in Earth Science. Documents have been sent to CFES/FCST Board. Peter asks CFES/FCST meeting to nominate someone(s) to participate in this task force. The meeting nominates Ian Young and Elisabeth Kosters.
Jon Downton (CSEG) - Bringing new grads into smaller companies is difficult. CSEG tries to do more outreach to this group with 2/3 day training courses for new grads especially in geophysics. Everyone recognizes this is an excellent program.
Pat Ryal: refers to CCCESD graph and its off phase with the price of oil. This is not a new phenomenon, about the 3d time around. In the past, companies did a lot of in house training, which has gone by the wayside and the undergrad mentality has changed, they are less interested in working for industry than for e.g. small environmental companies.
Bill Mercer: Smaller minerals companies do more exploration than in the past, and they dont hire new grads, they hire people with experience, thus making it more difficult for new grads to get into exploration. Bill is very involved in a PDAC course corporate social responsibility and has found that students are very cynical.
Scott Jobin-Bevans: emphasizes S-IMEW ( HYPERLINK "http://www.pdac.ca/students/simew/" http://www.pdac.ca/students/simew/) a new mining industry field course for undergrads. It typically takes 2 weeks to convince them that were not the devil. CSPG SIFT ( HYPERLINK "http://www.cspg.org/students/students-sift.cfm" http://www.cspg.org/students/students-sift.cfm) has a similar experience.
Lisa Griffith: its an interrelated issue between outreach and education and finding a job. Minerals sector does a better job at being present across the country than O&G.
Bill Mercer: Do we need a careers website for graduates?
Steve Holysh: recession hasnt hit hydro sector as quickly as the other sectors. Michel Aubertin: CGS is largely related to engineering and the government bailouts go into fixing infrastructure, so money is good, but there arent enough grad students. The land development side has shut down.
Marc dIorio: the GSC hired 50 people last year, had 1300 applicants for a job that was open 1 week. However, hiring a research scientist for GSC in Calgary is difficult, people dont want to live there. GSC expects to hire 20-25 ES this year. The Federal Government is moving towards integrated teams of deputy ministers dealing with energy, environment, water, climate change as a SINGLE subject, in order to define where the Feds should go on this integrated field. This approach is attractive to students who want to save the planet and government is moving in that direction.
Martin Head (CCCESD): The Earth is an integrated system, university education needs to emphasize System Earth. This is attractive to students mindset, but it is reality too. It also has tremendous selling potential, and this hasnt filtered down to policy makers in e.g. high school education. However, while enrolments are generally going up (see CCCESD stats at HYPERLINK "http://cccesd.acadiau.ca/" http://cccesd.acadiau.ca/), university budgets at the same time are going down. When the squeeze comes, ES departments are squeezed more than mainstream science departments such as biology, physics and chemistry, this is largely the result of a perception problem. Martin sees a role for APGO. Universities tend to listen more to such a professional organization rather than to CFES, because APGO raises legal issues, which is what university administration tends to listen to. Hence, Ollie Bonham being chair of this subcommittee is a good idea.
Scott Jobin-Bevans: MIHR has a virtual mine mentor program ( HYPERLINK "http://www.mihr.ca/en/index.asp" http://www.mihr.ca/en/index.asp). PDAC is working with MIHR to move from a mining focus to a mineral exploration focus which will include other sectors. We brought a student from Ottawa/McGill into this MIHR thing and he is very engaged. Melanie Sturk is the MIHR person. Jon Baird (CMIC) started student employment initiative, 50-100k, gives back money to a company as cost of hiring a student for the summer.
AGENDA ITEM 4
DISCUSSION NOTES Outreach / IYPE
The member societies agree that this type of activity is complementary to their own.
Careers in Earth Science website. CFES financial obligations for website moving forward uncertain ($5k for maintenance). Career site biggest need links to universities checked quarterly. Advertisement in Canadian School Counsellor Magazine in June. Needs funding to remain current.
WHERE Challenge Ian Young, Godfrey Nowlan
Financed with 100k, overspent by about 20k. 208 entries from all over Canada. Only French entry was from Saskatchewan. 2 entries from Quebec, both in English. No uptake on press releases, Nelson Chamber will be involved in handing the winner his cheque (all cheques to be handed out by individuals at some event). It was very very labour intensive, 3 months of work, and very intense, especially around the deadline: 45 judges, kids, parents, teachers, connect with all in the right way not easy. Age 10-14 is targeted because that is the bracket when you lose kids interest. We started too late, we need to start advertising in May and June.
Do we have a motion to continue WHERE challenge, one more year on resources, hopefully after that alternate between resources and environment (financially not possible to change right now)
Michel A get in touch with Min of NR in Quebec City. NAME - . Jean: met with Quebec mining association and Quebec govt, asked them how to reach out to schools, will help after May. Most branches are rolling out mini-mining in society events.
Four Billion Years Book. Web-based eventually. Text received, part 1 reviewed, under revision. English Nimbus press. Make critical for university curricula. Principal sponsor of the book, Nexen, has really bought into the web aspect of the book.
Alberta Geological Survey Road Signs.
GeoVistas partnership between Parks and IYPE to explain classical views in Parks in terms of their geology. Unfunded so far. Jasper and Grasslands (Sk)
Traveling EdGeo workshops unfunded
Resources arm of website unfunded
careers website, originally CGEN initiative. Thanks CFES for support, as it was stalled. CGEN will market the careers site.
EdGeo elementary curriculum in every province and territory has rocks and minerals. EdGeo provides resources so teachers can actually teach this. CGEN reaches 522 teachers through workshops. 265 of those were from Saskatchewan. Thanks to CSPG who provided 12,500, which keeps EdGeo going. CGEN provided 3k, which comes out of the 5k that CGEN gets from CFES. GSC gave 15k to compile lesson plans and make them suitable on website so teachers can use them. EdGeo now managed by Laura Clinton. EdGeo has also applied for funding from CGF to develop lesson plans and hands on activities to wedge ES into life sciences and geography. Because you cant get a change into the curriculum, but you can wedge in. HYPERLINK "http://www.edgeo.org" www.edgeo.org
10 Earthnet.
everyone of this meeting, encourage attendants to join CGEN. Elisabeth
Discussion and action items
Important to locate CGEN members by location, this will be added to website.
AGENDA ITEM 11
FUNDING DISCUSSION
Discussion
The overspending is due to the fact that we now have a paid staffer (Elisabeth). We wanted to be less dependent on government and more on society revenue. We were an organization that was failing with money in the bank, now we are an organization that does things and get money for providing our service. We should not reduce expenditure, we should increase revenue
The operating money now is for us to keep doing what were doing without doing anything special. Hence: we will have to do fundraising every year and we must have a fundraising committee to take over from Jim Reimer. Members: 1 from each sector in addition to Bill Mercer, Ian Young, Pat Ryal
Other options: Increase membership fees, would be acceptable to some member organizations, too difficult for others.
We need sustainable funding, we can also approach the 2 biggest industry advocacy groups, CAPP and MAC, but there might be objections (from certain member organizations) to doing this.
CCPG could sponsor.
Get 30 groups to kick in 1000 dollars
We can approach MIHR and a few others.
We must attract ads on the site.
NRCans grants and contributions were frozen for a 1.5 yrs, we now have 25k, but cannot count on more. Maybe there are issues that CFES can address within GEMS initiative to earn some extra $ out of NRCan. Also approach Environment Canada.
Seek advice from Ollie (Bill or Elis).
Some geotech companies would be interested in sponsoring. Steve H to find out and Elisabeth to ask Michel Aubertin
Ian will talk to CAPP, Richard Moore will talk to MAC.
NSERC has funding for Promotion of science (e.g. Science and innovators in schools, these are outreach activities).
Elisabeth to research BIG online, Canadian Funding
CNC-UNESCO
CNC-UNESCO
Each country has a national UNESCO commission, which is nationally funded. It brings the Canadian voice and positions to UNESCO (Education, science and Culture) and vv. UNESCO is the UN agency with the widest mandate.
Some agencies deal with crises, UNESCO is more upstream. Very dialogue based and sharing views.
In the Sciences, goals can be quite general women, visible minorities, recognition of traditional knowledge. Broad objectives can take on concrete forms, for example, the International Hydrologic Program IHP ( HYPERLINK "http://typo38.unesco.org/index.php?id=240" http://typo38.unesco.org/index.php?id=240) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission HYPERLINK "http://ioc-unesco.org/" http://ioc-unesco.org/. These commissions are very concrete. Canada is co-chairing IOC at this moment. Then there are issue groups such as One Geology ( HYPERLINK "http://www.onegeology.org/" http://www.onegeology.org/), which tries to access what is already available. Early warning systems is such an issue: requiring Databases that can speak to each other. Aquifers is another topic (what UNESCO does is what the member states ask: difficult, because different countries ask a lot): recently produced world map of largest transboundary aquifers. If this is difficult in Canada, imagine how difficult it is elsewhere. Lots of research in the North about countries in the South. African hydrologists were stunned to see their own information on the world map (provided by northern hydrologists). UNESCO tries to disseminate the work and information globally available.
Each country has a national commission, which brings a voice to UNESCO, and makes sure that UNESCO operates efficiently. It is difficult to decide where UNESCO should place its global efforts, considering that it has a budget of a mid-size North American university. It is not an implementation agency, but it is about bringing resources together. Our comments are known at foreign affairs etc.
UNESCO doesnt focus so much on observation and monitoring but on bringing information together. There is an interesting and promising trend to have geosciences to be included in e.g. oceanography and hydrology, thus addressing common concerns. When the oceanographic commission is speaking of early warning, Earth Sciences should be included.
GeoParks
The Geoparks initiative kicked off formally in 2004. UNESCO is the only (UN/Global) agency that designates physical sites: heritage sites (cultural and natural) and biosphere reserves. Canadas heritage sites are 50/50 natural/cultural and we have the highest number of geological natural sites of any country. Biosphere reserves are living areas where communities decide to be involved in managing the region, a multi-stakeholder dialogue.
There is interest from Canadians in GeoParks. They are very locally based, not a big cost issue, the drive is bottom up. These are sites of important geological significance, there are fewer preservation/conservation issues than with heritage sites. GeoParks also have a strong management structure and public engagement and outreach. Goal: expose geology in its broader context. Presently there are 57 geoparks from 18 different countries. The EU has been the strongest player, they are funding them. In Canada we have yet to decide how we will deal with this. At the commission we know we cant get involved in creating a new committee and supervise this initiative, we must rely on Earth Scientists to tell us what are good sites, and we must develop criteria. CFES would be an ideal location for a Canadian GeoParks Committee umbrella. We must have such a committee, because if we dont, we run the risk of that a candidate park will apply to the world network without being vetted nationally.
Saint John NB will be applying as early as June. We have to be in some sort of position to endorse that. Others: Bonavista, Clearwater BC also interested. We must have a formal process. There is a good UNESCO document, we must customize it to Canada. We also have complication of provincial, municipal and national parks. National parks dont want another responsibility and we dont want them responsible for this. We need people in our group that are familiar with an academic that understands geotourism. Cost structure, conservation, etc. conservation person. Urgent! Our first task will come up this year.
CNC-GeoParks, a CFES/FCST Committee: Godfrey Nowlan (chair/interim chair), Alwynne Beaudoin (to be invited), Peter Bobrowsky. Other names: Alan Donaldson (Canadian Geoheritage Committee), Jenna Boon (director of the Joggins Fossil Institute), John Calder (initiator of Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site), Randy Miller (Saint John, NB initiator of first Canadian Geopark), others?: Task: create ToR.
The US is moving very quickly. It recently sponsored a big meeting, brought in experts and e.g. people from the Forest Service, IUCN, Robert Missotten (UNESCO Earth Science HQ in Paris).
There is a lot of documentation at UNESCO. Without support from the geosciences community, CNC-UNESCO could not have moved forward. There is a short course. End of June Greece! Sept/Oct. Peter, Godfrey (e.o.)
NEW: Canadian Geologic Time Scale / Martin Head
Canada does not have an endorsed geologic time scale, contrary to most other countries (the US has 2, one by USGS and one by GSA). There is one kept by the GSC one, up to date until 2006. It contains old and new terms, but is not fully up to date now, a geologic time scale is a living document and needs to be continually updated.
The Tertiary disappeared from the Intl geological time scale, because the Paleocene subcommission defined the GSSP as the base of the Paleocene, not as the base of the Tertiary. Subsequently, the Paleogene and the Neogene became Periods rather than the Tertiary. Certain national committees have reinstated the Tertiary, but Canada doesnt have a position, because no national organization has taken ownership of this. Need to bring on board stratigraphic experts from around Canada, would be good publicity for CFES/FCST.
Also, there is a large number of Canadian geoscientists who serve on ICS (Intl Commission on Stratigraphy) committees from Cambrian to Quaternary, hence we have a body of expertise.
Bill Mercer asks for a move that we go ahead to form a committee, Jeff Packard moved, Michel Parent seconded. Motion accepted. Martin Head chair, needs to find other members, Should also consult with GAC paleontology division. Should draw in a lot of expertise. Elisabeth (e.o.)
Godfrey asks if the intent to get a single unified stratigraphic column for Canada or to have a more open document so that the Tertiary is preserved but shown against the international standards? Is this going to be a Canadian utility chart? This is important, there are a lot of clients for the time scale, it has changed markedly recently, its becoming difficult for people to understand what things are.
Martin thought of starting of simple: a Canadian-endorsed time scale, similar to the internationally accepted one, but fine-tuned on Canadian issues. We can proceed on from there. The UK has stratigraphic commission that is part of the Geological Society of London, Canada doesnt have an equivalent. We shouldnt start off that ambitiously, but it could move into that direction.
Michel Parent notes that there is close collaboration between Canada and US on the stratigraphic code. There is usually a North American consensus. The North American stratigraphic code was released a few years ago and there is a Canadian National Committee (report received). Time scale is the most pressing at the moment.
Godfrey: there is a North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, with Canadian members (Brian R. Pratt and Octavian Catuneanu). Canadians go as individuals, not as a Canadian position. We dont need to start from scratch.
AGENDA ITEM 15 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES
DISCUSSION NOTES
IGC very successful. 6300 presentations, good meeting, good Canadian representation as well. 2012: Brisbane, 2016: Cape Town, 2020 Canada? We must have a presentation at 2012, that means in the next 3 years we must put together an important bid. Tourism, videos, capacity of the venue, etc. Like the Olympics. We need to put together a committee. NRC has some seed money to evaluate the potential for this. NRC meeting is in June.
IGU International Geographic Union does not host an international congress
ISPRS International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 2020
ISSS International Soil Science Society no international congress
INQUA International Quaternary Union 2019
IAU Intl Astronomy Union 2018
IUGG Intl Union of Geophysicists and Geodesists, 2019
Geocanada is a trademark, the name is owned by Royal Geographical Society. If 2010 is a roaring success, then people will not want to give up Geocanada 2020, it would have to be recognizable within IGC.
Cities with venues for 6000-7000 attendants: Calgary, Toronto, Vancouver, Ottawa, Montreal. Decided to start a scoping group: Peter Bobrowsky, Martin Head, Steve Scott, Elisabeth Kosters (e.o.). Peter will explore GSC member.
GeoParks
CNC-GeoParks, a CFES/FCST Committee: Godfrey Nowlan (chair/interim chair), other suggested names: Alwynne Beaudoin, Peter Bobrowsky, Alan Donaldson (Canadian Geoheritage Committee), Jenna Boon (director of the Joggins Fossil Institute), John Calder (initiator of Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site), Randy Miller (Saint John, NB initiator of first Canadian Geopark), others?: Task: create ToR.
www.geoscience.ca
PAGE 3
Draft minutes, to be approved October 2009 Page PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 1
* + 5 7 ? @ A Ͽm]M> hCVB h
OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hp 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h _ 5OJ QJ mH sH "hCVB h"I1 5H*OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h# 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"I1 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hpK 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hZ 5OJ QJ mH sH "hCVB hZ 5H*OJ QJ mH sH hCVB ht 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h# OJ QJ mH sH + @ A i 0 b gdprr $a$gdZX $a$gd 8 $&d P a$gd#
$
h a$gd
$
h a$gd+r
$
h a$gd# A C G H I M O W Y g j k l m o p q x z ⩗yjy[L[ h`* 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH h} 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH h1rp 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH hprr 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH hZX 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH #hZX hZX 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH *h2 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hk` OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h _ OJ QJ mH sH hrQ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h# OJ QJ mH sH hCVB ht OJ QJ mH sH
! " # / 0 P Q R S w x y z { үҝ| #hprr hprr 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH *hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH #hZX h`* 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH &h`* h`* 56CJ OJ QJ mH sH h} 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH hprr 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH hK 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH h`* 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH +
1
Z
6 N c $a$gdprr $a$gdprr
"
0
N
Y
Z
~
~
ӻӻӻӯӯxdR #h} hK% 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH & *h} hK% 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH & *h} h 8 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH & *h} h@/ 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH *hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH hprr OJ QJ mH sH h OJ QJ mH sH ha, OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hprr OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH 5
\
W W D ; l b 0 / $
& F a$gdK%
& F 1$ gdK% $
& F a$gdG{ $
& F a$gd( $
& F a$gdV $
& F a$gd 8 $
& F a$gdK $
& F a$gd& $a$gd 8
! #
5
[
\
~rcWccG hZX hZX >*OJ QJ mH sH hu OJ QJ mH sH h 8 h 8 OJ QJ mH sH hr OJ QJ mH sH hM( OJ QJ mH sH hZX hM( >*OJ QJ mH sH h& h 8 OJ QJ mH sH hK% OJ QJ mH sH h 8 OJ QJ mH sH hm OJ QJ mH sH hZX hm >*OJ QJ mH sH h 8 h} 5OJ QJ mH sH #h} h 8 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH
V W Z j } W h j o w { ocWK? h5~ OJ QJ mH sH hZ OJ QJ mH sH h$ OJ QJ mH sH hd. OJ QJ mH sH hZX hd. >*OJ QJ mH sH h OJ QJ mH sH hm OJ QJ mH sH hs >*OJ QJ mH sH hK% OJ QJ mH sH hZX hK% >*OJ QJ mH sH hZX hm >*OJ QJ mH sH hs OJ QJ mH sH h4+ OJ QJ mH sH hV OJ QJ mH sH hZX OJ QJ mH sH D f h r } ~ : ; B l p b " / 0 L ƺƺƮՖvj^R^vCjCv h.5 hK% OJ QJ mH sH h+ OJ QJ mH sH h15U OJ QJ mH sH hK% OJ QJ mH sH hZX hK% >*OJ QJ mH sH hZX h4z >*OJ QJ mH sH h& OJ QJ mH sH h 8 OJ QJ mH sH hG{ OJ QJ mH sH hZX OJ QJ mH sH hG{ h& OJ QJ mH sH hZX h& >*OJ QJ mH sH h( h( OJ QJ mH sH h( OJ QJ mH sH L . / 2 4 _ 8 9 : ö{gSBS0 #h} h 8 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH *h} 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH & *h} h@/ 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH & *h} h 8 5CJ OJ QJ mH sH h 8 OJ QJ mH sH hS: h 8 OJ QJ mH sH hS: hZ OJ QJ mH sH hS: hS: OJ QJ ^J mH sH hS: hS: OJ QJ ^J hS: h4z OJ QJ mH sH hS: h4z >*OJ QJ mH sH hK% hK% OJ QJ mH sH hr hK% OJ QJ mH sH : x h^hgd
& F gdG h^hgd7'
& F gd7' $a$gdu $a$gdIi $a$gdG gd#
& F gd# $a$gd 8 : > ! qeUeF hCVB hu OJ QJ mH sH *hu hu OJ QJ mH sH hu OJ QJ mH sH h`* hu 5OJ QJ mH sH hK 5OJ QJ mH sH hIi OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h# OJ QJ mH sH h 8 OJ QJ mH sH h# OJ QJ mH sH h# h# 0J OJ QJ mH sH %j h# h# OJ QJ UmH sH h# h# OJ QJ mH sH hb OJ QJ mH sH $ 6 J \ l
& ' Z [ ָָ{{lYlC+j hCVB hh OJ QJ UmH sH %j hCVB hh OJ QJ UmH sH hCVB hh OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hv? H*OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hv? OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h# OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h 3 OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hG OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h7' OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h-y OJ QJ mH sH h@/ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hxB OJ QJ mH sH [ \ c d . / 0 1 H I
A m ̽~~~o`P *h$ h?- OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h?- OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h) OJ QJ mH sH (hCVB h 0J CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH -j hCVB h CJ OJ QJ UaJ mH sH $hCVB h CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hh OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hh 0J OJ QJ mH sH %j hCVB hh OJ QJ UmH sH 2 m n z \ ] v x y gd@
& F gd@ ^gd@ gdZX $
& F a$gdZX ^gd?-
& F gd?-
& F gd
& F gd gd m n x y z " * [ ] v x y ! ! ! ! ! ! " ɺɺɺɪqbRbC hT:] hj OJ QJ mH sH hT:] h ` 6OJ QJ mH sH hT:] h ` OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h ` OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hZX OJ QJ mH sH h
h@ OJ QJ mH sH h@ OJ QJ mH sH h@ h@ 5OJ QJ mH sH h 8 hZX OJ QJ mH sH hZX OJ QJ mH sH hZX 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h?- 5OJ QJ mH sH h4+ 5OJ QJ mH sH ! ! ! " " " " Z# # E$ F$ $ $ /% |( }( ( ( ^gd ^gd \ ^gd `
& F gd ` gd 8^8gdf
81$ ^8gdZX
& F 81$ ^8gdZX
& F 1$ gdZX gdZX gd@ " " "
" " /" A" P" Z" a" l" y" " " " E$ g$ q$ r$ x$ }$ $ $ $ ҺҺҺƺƮvg[gK< hT:] h ` OJ QJ mH sH *h1rp hQ OJ QJ mH sH hs OJ QJ mH sH hT:] hQ OJ QJ mH sH hQ 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h ` 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h ` OJ QJ mH sH hf OJ QJ mH sH h OJ QJ mH sH hT:] OJ QJ mH sH hZX OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h 5OJ QJ mH sH hT:] h OJ QJ mH sH $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ % % ,% -% .% /% 9% D% u% v% w% % % % % % % % *& 5& J& & & & ' ' :' ' ' ' zkk hCVB h \ OJ QJ mH sH *h$ h OJ QJ mH sH *h$ h ` OJ QJ mH sH h3U OJ QJ mH sH h \ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH hE OJ QJ mH sH hT:] OJ QJ mH sH hs OJ QJ mH sH hZX OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h ` OJ QJ mH sH *' ' ' '
( *( 0( 3( 5( F( H( I( k( l( y( z( |( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) +* ,* -* ufZ h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH *h4+ h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h ` 5OJ QJ mH sH *h\}t OJ QJ mH sH *h$ h ` OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h ` OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h \ 0J OJ QJ mH sH %j hCVB h \ OJ QJ UmH sH hCVB h \ OJ QJ mH sH h \ OJ QJ mH sH ( ( ) ) ) ) ) -* u* v* w* * , *, , , , , u- ^gdl
& F gdl
& F gdl gd ^gd
& F gd
& F gd gd ^gd \ ^gd ^gd ` -* r* s* v* * * * * + , , ), M, _, d, k, q, , , , , , , L- S- ĴĥĕĴĉzzk\L\@ hQ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hl 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hl OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h@ OJ QJ mH sH h@ OJ QJ mH sH *h$ h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"~ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h \ OJ QJ mH sH *h4+ h \ OJ QJ mH sH *h \ OJ QJ mH sH S- t- u- - - .. /. O. g. y. . . 5/ 6/ 7/ / / / / / / / 0 0 0 &0 P0 m0 0 0 0 0 ~o_o_o_P hE h@ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h@ 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h@ OJ QJ mH sH *h$ h( OJ QJ mH sH *h"~ OJ QJ mH sH *h$ h"~ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"~ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hl 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hs+ OJ QJ mH sH hZX OJ QJ mH sH hQ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hl OJ QJ mH sH u- - /. . 6/ 7/ e/ / / / 0 Q0 0 0 0 !1 "1 ?1 [1 1 )2 8^8gdF[
& F gdn gd@
& F gd@ gd(
& F gd"~
& F gdl
& F gdl ^gdl ^gdZX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 "1 21 >1 ?1 Z1 [1 p1 1 1 1 1 1 (2 )2 u2 ǸǸǸ㨖{l]llM] *h$ h"~ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"~ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hF[ OJ QJ mH sH h( OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hn OJ QJ mH sH "h( hn 56OJ QJ mH sH h( hn 5OJ QJ mH sH hE h@ OJ QJ mH sH h@ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h@ 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h@ OJ QJ mH sH h@ 6OJ QJ mH sH )2 t2 u2 2 \6 ]6 #7 $7 7 7 B8 C8 K8 h8 F9 G9 9 9 &: ^gd~I1 ^gdB3 ^gdBD
& F gdw%<
& F gd0. h^hgd2$ h^hgd"~
& F gd2$ h^hgd~?
& F gd~? gdF[ 8^8gdF[ u2 2 2 2 2 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 j5 5 [6 ]6 6 6 "7 #7 $7 47 7 οοοοΌ|m]N hCVB h2$ OJ QJ mH sH h( h2$ 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hF[ OJ QJ mH sH hQ hP7 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hP7 OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hET# 0J OJ QJ mH sH %j hCVB hET# OJ QJ UmH sH hCVB hET# OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h~? OJ QJ mH sH "h( h~? 56OJ QJ mH sH h( h~? 5OJ QJ mH sH 7 7 7 B8 C8 J8 K8 ]8 f8 h8 u8 8 #9 E9 F9 G9 R9 9 9 9 ²ufuZM=M= *hQ h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH *h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH hR[M OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hR[M OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h7 OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hBD OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hw%< 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hw%< OJ QJ mH sH h( h0. 5OJ QJ mH sH h( hG 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h2$ OJ QJ mH sH h( h"~ 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"~ OJ QJ mH sH 9 9 : : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; < < < < h= z= = = = = > $> o> r> > ? D? ? ? @ @ Ŷyj[ hCVB ha OJ QJ mH sH hf h=S OJ QJ mH sH hf OJ QJ mH sH "hCVB h"~ 5OJ QJ \mH sH *h& h"~ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h=S OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"~ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"~ 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH *h~I1 h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH &: : : ; Q; ; ; ; < < < }= ? @ @ @ 0@ 1@ @ @ gde' gd=S
& F gd gd4
& F gdf
& F gd"~ ^ gd"~
& F gd=S h^hgd"~ h^hgd=S
& F gd"~ ^gdB3 @ @ @ @ "@ #@ )@ /@ 0@ 1@ F@ b@ c@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ A A A ²vfWHWHWHWHWH hCVB h, OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h b OJ QJ mH sH *h~I1 hN OJ QJ mH sH *h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH *h~I1 h b OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h| ` OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h=S 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h=S 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h[m OJ QJ mH sH @ A A iA jA IB JB KB qB B C *D +D F G G H H ^gd"h
& F gdnM $$^gd"h
$$1$ ^gd"h
$$1$ ^gd~I1 $$
& F 1$ gd"h $$8^8gd( $$
& F gd( gdM gd b gde' A A A A #A 8A jA zA A A A A A A A B !B "B #B *B -B GB IB JB KB ĸĨqaaUF hCVB hW\ OJ QJ mH sH h OJ QJ mH sH *hW\ hL OJ QJ mH sH # *hW\ h0U 0J OJ QJ mH sH (j *hW\ h0U OJ QJ UmH sH *hW\ h| ` OJ QJ mH sH *hW\ h0U OJ QJ mH sH hi OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hL OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h b OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h, OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h3 OJ QJ mH sH KB _B aB pB qB zB B B B B B B B B B B B C ﾯsdsUF6 h"h hnM 5OJ QJ mH sH h( h OJ QJ mH sH h# h# OJ QJ mH sH h# hnM OJ QJ mH sH h# h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hnM OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h_8V OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hZS OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h`'0 OJ QJ mH sH "h"h h 56OJ QJ mH sH h"h h 5OJ QJ mH sH h"h hZS 5OJ QJ mH sH C C C C 'D )D *D +D E E F F F F QG G G G H H !H 8H SH ĵ~o_RBRB *hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH *h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h hnM 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH *h"h h"h OJ QJ mH sH hs OJ QJ mH sH h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH h"h h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH *h"h h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h h`'0 5OJ QJ mH sH SH H H H H H I J J J J "J ,J /J h\6 5OJ QJ mH sH " *h> hi& 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hW1 OJ QJ mH sH XM YM M N N O O O P P P Q 'Q (Q Q Q MR NR zR R R R 1$ gd"h
& F gd"h h^hgd"h gd"h 1$ gd t
& F 1$ gd
1$ ^gd~I1
1$ ^gdi 1$ gd ^M M M M
N N %N .N ?N EN IN bN N N N N O O O UO \O O O O O O O O O ŵvgU " *h_^J h t 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h t OJ QJ mH sH *h t h t OJ QJ mH sH *h t hG OJ QJ mH sH *hG h+B) OJ QJ mH sH *hG hG OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h+B) OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h'
OJ QJ mH sH hG OJ QJ mH sH hG hG 5OJ QJ mH sH O P P P >P WP P P P P P P P P Q Q Q Q &Q 'Q ?Q MQ RQ SQ ZQ `Q pQ Q Q MR zR ϴxi]]N]N]N]N]Nx hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH h"h 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hFj 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hw OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hi& OJ QJ mH sH h t OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hP OJ QJ mH sH h t h t 5OJ QJ mH sH " *h_^J h_^J 5OJ QJ mH sH zR {R R R R R R R R R R R R R S !S "S &S (S T T ȶ|k\P\PA5A h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h,V OJ QJ mH sH h t OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hP OJ QJ mH sH h"h h> CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH #h"h hF$ 6CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH h"h hF$ CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH ,h"h hF$ B*CJ$ OJ QJ \mH ph sH "h"h B*OJ QJ \mH ph sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"h 5OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH R R !S "S T T T qU rU U U 8V 9V V V V V V V V (W qW W CX Y Y Y Y
1$ ^gd 1$ gd"h T ]T ^T T T U $U 0U 2U 6U JU iU pU qU rU U U U U 8V 9V V V V V V V V V V V V V V W W 'W (W TW qW W W W W W W W W BX CX X X X X X X X X ;Z ʹ hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH #h"h hF$ 6CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH h"h hF$ CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h,V OJ QJ mH sH :;Z JZ zZ Z Z '[ )[ \ \ \ \ \ ] ] m] n] 8^ 9^ B^ M^ N^ O^ Y^ v^ w^ x^ y^ ٻ٬٬٬}p`S`D hCVB h,V OJ QJ mH sH *h_^J OJ QJ mH sH *h_^J h&< OJ QJ mH sH *h"h OJ QJ mH sH #h"h hjH* 6CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH h"h hjH* CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h$~ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hW OJ QJ mH sH h&< OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH h=a OJ QJ mH sH Y ([ )[ [ [ \ \ \ \ ] ] m] n] 7^ 8^ 9^ N^ O^ y^ z^ ^ ^ =_ >_ _ _ ` $$gd~I1 1$ gd"h
1$ ^gd y^ z^ ^ ^ ^ <_ =_ >_ _ _ _ ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` a !a *a 2a 6a :a >a Ra ta a a a a a a a a a a a b ǻǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǝn /h"h hF$ 6B*CJ$ OJ QJ \mH ph sH ,h"h hF$ B*CJ$ OJ QJ \mH ph sH "h"h B*OJ QJ \mH ph sH h OJ QJ mH sH h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hGv OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h,V OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hm OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH ' ` ` ` ` a a a b b >b ?b mb vb {b b b Cd d ;e We e e e e e e
1$ ^gd2\
& F 1$ gd
& F 1$ gd 1$ gd"h b b b b b &b >b ?b @b Rb \b lb b b b b b b b c Bd Cd d d d d d d ;e ?e e e e e e ԹȹԹȹȹȹo /h"h hF$ 6B*CJ$ OJ QJ \mH ph sH ,h"h hF$ B*CJ$ OJ QJ \mH ph sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH h$~ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h$~ OJ QJ mH sH h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h2\ OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h hF$ CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH "e e e e e e e e e
f f f If bf vf f f f f f f f f g g g g >g `g gg g g g g g 2h 3h ƱƊuuuuuuuuuuuf hCVB h$~ OJ QJ mH sH (hCVB h< B*OJ QJ \mH ph sH (hCVB h x B*OJ QJ \mH ph sH "h B*OJ QJ \mH ph sH (hCVB h$~ B*OJ QJ \mH ph sH "h"h B*OJ QJ \mH ph sH h"h h CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH ,h"h h$~ B*CJ$ OJ QJ \mH ph sH $e e f f f f g g g g 3h 4h 5h Gh Hh h h 5i 6i hi ii i i j j j j k 1$ gd"h 3h 4h 5h ;h Fh Gh Hh h h h 4i 5i 6i gi hi ii i i i j j j 2j tj j j j k k Gk Hk k k k k k 'l (l *l Զqqqb hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hX_ OJ QJ mH sH h9[; OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h &M OJ QJ mH sH h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hn! OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH #h"h hFj 6CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH h"h hFj CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH h,V OJ QJ mH sH &k k Hk Ik k k k k )l *l m m m 2m 3m m m 3n 4n 5n Ln Mn n o )p *p
1$ ^gd2\ $$gd"h 1$ gd"h
1$ ^gdn! *l m m m m #m 1m 2m 3m gm m m m m m m m m n n n n 2n 3n 4n 5n Ƕ}qqbqqqS h h"h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h,V OJ QJ mH sH hA OJ QJ mH sH h9[; OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h0 B OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH #h"h h
; 6CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH h"h hb CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH h &M OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hX_ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h OJ QJ mH sH 5n =n >n Fn Kn Ln Mn n n n n
o o 1o 6o [o go o o )p *p +p 1p p p ƴب~lTبE hCVB h< OJ QJ mH sH /h"h hFj 6B*CJ$ OJ QJ \mH ph sH "h"h B*OJ QJ \mH ph sH hCVB h$~ OJ QJ mH sH h2I OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h2\ OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH #h"h h' 6CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH #h"h hQ 6CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH h"h hFj CJ$ OJ QJ mH sH ,h"h hFj B*CJ$ OJ QJ \mH ph sH *p +p =p >p Qq Rq r r r r r r r s s s /u 0u v v w w x x Dz Ez ^gd4+ gdprr gd;J ^gd,V gd"h 1$ gd"h p p Pq Qq Rq Xq q q r r r r r r r s s !s /u 0u ?u kv v v v v w 庭sdWsdGdWsd *hCVB h4+ OJ QJ mH sH h4+ >*OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h4+ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h4+ >*OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h4+ 5OJ QJ mH sH hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH h@/ 5OJ QJ mH sH h4+ 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hn! OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h< H*OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h< OJ QJ mH sH h OJ QJ mH sH w w w x x y Dz Ez Wz lz mz z z z z G{ H{ { { { { { { { ~| | | | | |
} } } } } & ' 2 ف ! " O P o p Ӣ h4+ 5OJ QJ mH sH h9 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h4+ 0J OJ QJ mH sH %j hCVB h4+ OJ QJ UmH sH hCVB h4+ OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h4+ >*OJ QJ mH sH hprr >*OJ QJ mH sH 7Ez { { ~| | | | } } & ' ! " x H ^gdprr
& F gdprr $$gdprr gd;J gdprr " x ن G P [ a
! ˍ ɹɮwgX hprr hQ OJ QJ mH sH hprr hQ >*OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hQ >*OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hQ 6OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hQ OJ QJ mH sH hHY mH sH hCVB hQ mH sH hj hQ >*OJ QJ mH sH h 8 hQ OJ QJ mH sH hQ 5OJ QJ mH sH h9 5OJ QJ mH sH hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH y q Ƒ Ǒ 2 3 D E X Y d ӓ ԓ p * ^gdprr gd3U gdprr ^gd3U `gdprr h^hgdprr
& F gdprr U w x y = > ` a n o q t ő Ǒ 0 3 4 Y ղղrbUH hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH h3U 5OJ QJ mH sH *h4+ h3U OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h3U 5OJ QJ mH sH *h$ h3U OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h3U OJ QJ mH sH hprr h3U 0J OJ QJ mH sH %j hprr h3U OJ QJ UmH sH *hprr h3U OJ QJ mH sH hprr h3U OJ QJ mH sH hprr h9 5OJ QJ mH sH hprr OJ QJ mH sH Y d j ! p ) * > ? ɗ t ( * 5 Q X H I ѵym^m^K^K %j hCVB h"h OJ QJ UmH sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH " *hprr hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH h"h 5OJ QJ mH sH *h$ hprr OJ QJ mH sH hprr OJ QJ mH sH *hQ hprr OJ QJ mH sH hQ hprr OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hprr OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH * ? e ɗ < t ) * 5 t u s t $$gdprr 1$ gd"h
1$ ^gd"h 1$ gdprr $a$gdprr
& F gdprr gdprr 5 n Ȝ ʜ ˜ L ğ ş % + , 5 M e b c ӡ 7 ͐ h@) h"h 6OJ QJ mH sH hH h"h 0J OJ QJ mH sH j h"h OJ QJ UmH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH %j hCVB h"h OJ QJ UmH sH hCVB h"h 0J OJ QJ mH sH 87 < = D [ c e $ Q ~ ! " B N P Z Ѥ % / L o w ۥ ߥ Ц զ ֦ ߦ # , B D M ` j ҧ
l n
*hG h"h OJ QJ mH sH hd' h"h 5OJ QJ mH sH " *h.5 h"h 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH F Z [ e ! "
m n
ʬ ˬ Э * + gdprr 1$ gd"h 1$ gdprr
- 9 i n z ~ Ǭ ɬ ˬ Э Q \ l u Я ޯ K T ] ° ' + < t ű 4 < Գ 0 3 Ǵ 帨 *h t h"h OJ QJ mH sH *hG h"h OJ QJ mH sH hG h"h 5OJ QJ mH sH h"h 5OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH B + 0 J K Q U . d h m u ʶ ) q I J p q r μ Ǽǯwk hprr OJ QJ mH sH h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH hCVB hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH hprr 5OJ QJ mH sH h~I1 5OJ QJ mH sH h t h"h OJ QJ h t h"h OJ QJ mH sH h# h"h OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h"h OJ QJ mH sH h"h OJ QJ mH sH $ Z [ I p q 8 Һ F i q r U V ` gd;J 1$ gd~I1 ^gd~I1 gdprr 1$ gdprr 1$ gd"h μ 3 T U V ^ ` ½
ÅÅumimimimi[Wih=Q j h=Q UmH nH u hU j hU U hCVB h~I1 5OJ QJ mH sH *hG h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH hd' h~I1 5OJ QJ mH sH " *h.5 h~I1 5OJ QJ mH sH h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH *h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH *hCVB h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH hCVB h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH *h~I1 h~I1 OJ QJ mH sH "
! " - . / { | }
!&$d
Nb$# gdG &`#$gd# $a$gdK
! " # ) * + , - / _ ` w x y z { } ~ 滵梚~~n hCVB h~I1 5OJ QJ mH sH hU h=Q h=Q h=Q OJ QJ mH nH uhG j hG UhG OJ QJ h2\ 0J mH nH u
h2\ 0J j h2\ 0J Uh h2\ 6OJ QJ h2\ 6OJ QJ hw h2\ 6OJ QJ h2\ j h2\ Uj h=Q UmH nH u gd;J 6 &P 1h:p=Q / =!"#$% D y K y K L h t t p : / / w w w . g e o s c i e n c e . c a / m i n u t e s . h t m l * D d
1 0
# A b Z*v
,}hd4Jr2jl+")JB&`~K$燖_<ւ/,'L& }(Og;س|hH" D$Iy#g/#Єf.IѶl-Y͆t:q , Ǜ:qDjb.y7-sRZP|ȪMݴluQo֛/=QY
? 84U. EUH
iؑ
"پ1rc`O}EF%E$I @$H/ <{ Moh
EF5: Lr
< ?55ȱ| ө+k
D\iT'NMپ4CAWhű wTK!DM9@E` /
]QY@d&[Fv z8w9;wU?!9zsn^~Ш" D$I SZZ] GQd2 pF}f |.I$R.p܃g [:dX~\TagZJf
)ח̉ˆ[jmf jLo d5˵5-ewM3K%v* 3,'8 ?>7fgLǁ6.$UubD"m?S{ F'oyOSH" D$I$g#vͲ>W=U&oMMԙrƉ3ՀMx2?<+TnfsLtE1^kk۾pY3*kg O}jU] ߨIbe&f3)(y( ";B'Hsi Kr8]ۦ_MO$I @$H^xf ̵4HhP xv=˴"!
v .!BR;>ub
7rb XN`rPY Z9U+5Ks=P4F/p9ٍR
IhB,&Mkn=o.]J<֫(ngF gQP؎*y$zu&s-W_%bGnv{n-CI @$H" IH@2b| R,(Ռ'$Y5ZVzؐb_
}( %1εf+j)0Ci?-O O*ZuLj
KoxfD2[|kuxNí~9RĢ# D$I P0C"Z:iYo78iJo6Rk4Z +IάU*P=/e3\l9 ULR ^V]ADGRQ ϐk%6bv`!bW@YHfLG5תIvy<\l/ 7;sFMm=o!<~nO.tGWF$I @$H/@ <3'0z~ތi d ]:<5{?5E#JD!@SQT1U
5D1LsYYMU
OX\ee̕~ջjߎ~($QB,P^:WȦ''vm&_|FatIbő" D$I( udtgW[zl0'͔mw?o]n+f^%D2WpmO2^h*2l :<)'C;qi*zP]`Bժ[zdxh't:%J |^Q?`~iXyW*Ų.-8\8a5+aGOJX&Hv׳]%g]]]2$ccfurXsOLoGby>,S[>,@$H" DxaJiQ^YGE p#ZrG?~
T,GW5A)iMEpFV
țfXu/08N
8p$<99h7MM<ˎ<;GffNޓO&J+Kj⑺G5u|Ar r P7{ɮeD[(yn 99>AHZLTdLqjTi80pB?9>m9 IApPa ;&3)B{~o?pD~^]I @$H" %4>HhV" +K5sT{#_}+X$c!HjQ Q8 .zZ,1/ɢ*eX7ܫ];@9Zڭ/WҒ0W҈9=?CӜi0APUoz9@U
yH1NM eCCwN ~ !Bߥ#Kҍz5#}]9ϛ1YuufcJ[|n- |F͏$I @$H$R.!5HhZ5$lӏLOMkqVT %jBGf٪ @ O
hP
ek 8P1ϫ̟9rXʹ97c)U SkQ7( A2 |1u
Hk8nfQB&E)+&/R2tgeYKx&GG2)
I<.
kmeBaxhO??F\rsH" D$I, <
F|2c/- ş yFm$I @$H. `DL ZA`yk=Dd屻Rr0m
'Ȣk%
c9>]YZucKkaMjbf,T\mXݻhÏc[w{õ.5wP?xO. v.Z>m4.@]VWK
wf?1] ~9ۗHfsٜ! GӘ?)QX//.5
GR2grrbL ,[^b>KdE2Յa/$a HARrlC=GѸ[ ѕ" D$I @. e$BUuWVUAʲʾQQqDjVE(ᘰeq-fsR dž\heup6,g\]hRXPaJwX:[ߗ {O:9nUVA.'M5ݶ,kk#33bKFwƇʵCgR Q+d⠒
'YJ-0Ki8l۞c5MwS] ٍ6Ck Vgok.; g%m6ˋOL ѻ4|Ѥ$I @$H.-nz O
}7RVs2{wrja bѴU˼fǮ]zc'q4t{6 e^t& nW//Lx#]T "43K;n?[7*Z.KV,g-@7 (1){*$3j \e)(E]~9g{sWj:-nj`Ku[`1Afx!uG@ l6+KR0zvZe<$I @$H^N
6pRV\i;e.{U).rh?9s{}V*MO @tRU ;6ǚnǐ m0 g#j*ξTc;*WUO'z60%p-߮KiJd__6'_j-^7媲ԟRr$^(EARCo͋&&qY9W֫6+/bBU3#|tMH&*F]H ҃r]Ө" D$I Svj
0x<
:@:@Lwn J˫~0[nuh Nb_6so! >v4 9wQ9N-9=tŌޑK|ԢT _wbVѴ,܈ʀT},y6ʦ\W/,Ʒӵ/oAΨIFj,-]˯:>3|
h!)pί Zt8?8(c5093Y%eI<cj[_ P
ÕIJP= Nmlѽ" D$I Y (Á,7
ì}heq~O膛)Қ9lzny'ezq6z]:)ps\54p5>jr }#Wg=p|1
rD9s^xq3b-<Ks {&'N
CX Y]=ph`Vt0b[2@T*Y }CMǬςҮXjI%5Xkn"^~EO \Ca%#/۷ k]]J
σ#\{6@Ć˲[b[^co|}?t x
d3D_ǏxZfd Y櫥#HS*Bn' bҙ)641|Ttݥ)cu^ _=wW͘--/Yf[;vk$a-" D$I F
5AzHJ:"SVcmg8};"-zT*'ȼr#+Dɏ%G8ljw\D1GXr80o>6/^1Ú
/^A[
$e# 7 (PI+ TE^Lԉ+t_a`bdtue
0GD$=:;wd HR)S JR7҂;xh>+\ 1Ʋu]/͜I"BU,+7͑ɱכ`YA2;H$6ɶ I @$H" $
FiȒ x Xi߾ŵOɼ H椲 sY-VU#-Ьk}t>7z\v pfSĽګoƩDQL2[G^\QGKi "u[006r
׆.U4՚՛qѾLq)}@b" &{>
A˵}.&>w쉔/JP߹4}h:F
M1EY 3 )^ s/jb$H" Dx$T Ϡ ཇt0cO|w?`AE>80_Gv$9F*.T,i6$R 5+ Z>:ēZEt*ӟ _0 ̷ Q_ ػwvfjB"Ȍժ h'#ǟ8v ljx:WFG!)QxyL^MGc;ϝܵRc|J+dWVbzhb*FZ_(J< hFtD$I @$H_O AKnƓσro/)^=_9<OOYZ2/)̩2 [+J0Kƫw>Z6fjzNEURD芋o$ T\8'v3JjDGB /KV] 7 u LoE! ,SfcmnvXHƀ@\x1iTC /0
/:I$vT F&j=gV |t*9Jy_ڱU cec_UUkzKSxCF.}?;# D$I @$;Gc5l&,bZnK+̙lnDz`葩SD +Wt?
('-Sbȿ˯B&@#l𡛯{h!KxWx!0JY9 hukH&I*"9phjPJV/Aڋi$H" D$%p*/8Eb:s~刉] vKOFmuiЁKdžFϜl8x&01/wU `Sܙ3Z=#]Swq/>t_< A~=IL[ jzr<7W,828_FZ$ۑ\0WPqWV3+ 35.W_5=Q 5d*MF>SG$I @$ BVՃK#a.b ƇX>]jē}N2Z23QRyO$^ Q,-5|
4x̚pۡ"Ʉ 䑣9= G ]3k j
n\@r"yɿgLbԓ*۶7Pm4 -yϳLDQ/1uʶj1IDf'%T C<*NPP]5YҐ/ ~cbaeZ|RfbZBMdUިwSuλOD)P e^#1I @$H" D8_ TAk5H]7Zlɯ=h C"/ 98Eh?H~QTI3}}ى\Kunx^C z;n{ؑG ];RǏ ߓT.^<ăE*%Bt #![tĢKRxShV9Y i⍡0qOm #p@ ls]U]MRBiX~e{P.W4-o`pt8pdSK #D 5lf÷^fzTR
]R{.zbfVlaod\S$BdCt[Z)7֪չe\{;'vݰg1=q45 5`
M1k,jq% ua%Q*R@q
n|￠? :gKeKu($M~%2fʻA"=8'JB&M2m@+G<`? X _BˈNMV0 BHdlb~" //.ͪ5:a<{ӱaMۮUQ#- 'w=j2lLR}W Ȯ!oi;_)ޝL
-/ 5LX:ki%7 dQ D-X[]
ZŁMIJ~#2n,
$I @$Hs }oii )$Q8<6wZ"]DQ
JM e[[[u|H|f}œK}]Օ٩J}͵]S\yy, wN}Q<'L 0#T瑓0@7*P IU a_H 5JJP) Tzj[-CC.6D
# z`u=>/DzZIˤs wYMSV,O\=:$H\ ֜`GZyef0b# yL 3n` V㼉0PeWyuCU p Bf ̋*exync|' l45
BRIs kr).$m20ssr8-xjW^ZVQ ▤i9sw'vﳗSaGT1q\ye4/ALG yd*٬[쬤J '~wrʼnKnX+dk<|E.'Wdim!)N̜|>ZGjaQ>s3 >c#g5@'%[w\ ]ufY|ϜZK8q 8$vw,߅·+%݅:WljJS'L\ML액0r JgW6V^а_)-H]Ìsl#kJ)_ 8=;ՉSs1/-W߹/S ;2{x~z.фopZ~q'~O5z ݎKUlTOE5y+= h &ݐڤ\ Jr"{JodTre9%}Ywٵc}߬Ks3yzwVZ6b2<05XH_w+wid8!. ;ⅉ#wqP>+x$to"8YB=1dO&$HdT |az ܹCyIK
vI45!dQ6 }D'qdX29x*24,˼,9Kk0ھW =7ŭ@897
YK.Ӆvx?v[R@ϥTG5D~pǾT&vC%;bWW|;61N
EhXi<_Տ| t:Z ,..<5G/j zJ6X( pرc ؿo*i(=a4<9Pl:r6j p*l_zv2zjn wpZ[nݹ cx=n &0HTZL= N=~䑸f gxbz#op8O
Je)6mϨ֚9 t d0NiT|#JB dT yPܸ ?x/Re9>rhFZ VR}.& Yf3J"E`Ņr !`C0R} #IZE )VBu|8
z%
B~ (ҬcU{azsG} {L}qը c4?Z\NzDqtсԴqfLˎY̧-F A,~Jw`կze:zG ߞ 'NDG,W\~y2x_7h~?7_B?]w49q) >0< e
Z "+TT
$JϯK 8םMKLPD]nOF2.
Uh
) jCQ 8BRR$&`hH@ < A+$~:OcҊKUݚ=bcRYD\퍒\yU3L\9W 1UZf@Ғ\Ѵje揞&UzѨ== 7~~+_:e ;@{m;H/Ѕ>=G Ѷ=1R\:_AG :t :}/;uffad2X-jq:rrvsH~60,#.{^C ccmT?/Qg|U*UZCnbۣIO 9Jי7KTvj0c:Jވ7z >?xѳorC 8N:Ee֢
'
9W=㸫=H7tݺs 9 ])r@ŀѳyA~XI:绖 iðגk3-O ՒN/zvqrx\=6Kg;4L:7k|lLjA)9vmi1+m J>Eq9{$/
A 8@AA9'jl&OR>|++^%?spC' *P)<{,ZPScnL˃DjPL ǟ 7'
fvW 7@KyVS-7e)5R~
-k[^]]ZvYV6Ռm!ٯ϶fot{}{z4ҁD?7ytZ t ^TxNl0~~ n]ӌun;Uعs9yvh7.q}+61x6 )@ O^g|.d>u,N?xѵ7]rչk 8:4/iR${Rr,'r>U]Y:
5K/fx: SJ?y0 9N{1!拤P㐢R!:R"uK'EYPCtx>U3Y Y"
M^\ݲX^LJ>(4K(yHFj ?988 2ʘg~xFs}_?p }aZJ&<^.S}wfaG R@Jy ȜČꪔu'jțS4N$ԛ#z>b
,ClgO.ʼ05$Ks&v_"J<.岜]TM(b" SRc=( ͖M4I@@ăk:jB4CJ(` $ +RA_|=XPGKPᥧk T0%t 7?|dɷ-r .\|99#AΦsB*@F\SM?+v%~NCg߭Y&1fW}/o6F))(k %E]fDd1|VsM3-{#n'O X"8E.q5yz Ƴ`&<@()kϵ7sPC0\%Ƕ
8<g:wzQ 'ϯ.Hgn IcH0d3;?:S3f3Ȍ_GH5MࣘhP\z %][V_J7f|$,#UM"kƈyh. 3eCX7 RH ] @u0n,dY2V%ۏ+JV\ x H+"lP Q$:ĤCOq"pձf Ꮑ 'exͯl a
\:UmT0\+#TBF+`Z
:G,іmĴKAsku̓!a3Cjm>>Y ǽ]x*Qgx<裏ΥR; Cvlm D -
N Ե5܅%Shgoysg!m נim@lgt!}PkD3Rt*4"m+.O(v# |ml;m=O#~}^QDZ5˵n5I׆\t:`aI饗^ < >`fCL{=y
ڂO{ \_ EtqAZ:xq@KnG+{ Lͳ腾# <]gz9 howD"cj]OzȄ^v[z/Y=IkcʭkqfŕmA بV }Mo|}gmqA
QZH{wFk::et [YMI%
W#Lv'OHR R\v03;G[?ho#E\4m;[[A yqױ9.P JDRE6\i~Ӿm
z=inQ˼Q=:ekJo4x?.;m5di}(ʀ
yB9xZ[upc2o Ln`L le+FDmkF=*5un$Mhk!llvB5& {?Iv~e҅ju+6j]YAbCgFl|O.I"no=tJ)Wn5GwCSS~[9S0P$BG Sx4] /ziۙG{pv [Z4ͨi?}rb@QC<=Z
9ەW^Zbؚo}2=z> lG j
`)¿݂}v[o6?
k^*\BRh@nEG N8˿~z[J)Z`::-
5T=xI. )!9DS?݃=t!O٣FNgӍ
cU(VW/k_:1 # [1hbf $OW-MwR6Q2p-,7/w])?V#~'>zW~ы[)ڃQ5ZrvvN2L-8:~
K._p u۳gOk4ϵYOD6rҷs
n أ+V3Y:NZ;lY^>v vPOK
c3)L1TZAL=̂fg<ֶbMs]CDeZfm~(.Mtoco}| oM5 9CәmÆVm:L7 "#\i
_
TtAf@iH-K(XtFVWI63t]Qº :c0C)H
XoJxb F*z?+{>r!5ih&
IU>9;zadR\*^;L[%զd;(f,nn>@ "*FG>)ȶ}@^ \VЈ.$g,
oA :d&&҇gh#@\1`N4HK 3(ZHFL/NgGt9$h ('Se(r,K%(wtFo|Ki!~V)HR^ZdC[M&E^w՚a%Y6Hu`Q-N 7^!H azaSNiP 3glVvˏtX'3
kL 4,%Tz2 r5лZzt "@hB\X@ k:5(p\=Rla*gcɣJjVw4M0uѹ {6 a-қ*+ ab[ Y^!ov`tmW zu`Au
vt3lΪ nǟ\Nv42WR3%C6 Oҡ59Y*=5K1 ~a܋%
,b0VAht.:xo+UP7=
/;v%c |( m+q8ښF~߈y kuJTfXgu E75myom"
=7Ih~tdµLꦲkW;%$O}A'{gA턍*frtq(\2E=^8d@&Hy&IJ6kyV9 )t,?)y;BJ k2U{a 'J 6D*' !#E |P$ ?Q^'}D*`[\WNv)B3LVDɮC;p 5J
}\hVcx*cCnALӶ"u+#[DpA3 kޔ fj{ 06ni2 m
݊ 5g~*m% 91 h| ͵:h: kMEthU s[똽qƶ!F)?1 UG_睻ZT_*fyb@5'sl{c䴆5
40u¬+ D_[l* ,]1>#N.h;#lYg'O;L=︋ֹ `WMvZ\cD# VEsc̣hUP~JE]% !c֙5Vb;e{YEoOc ^QV[:ag; ?tO_iX =.H6t\P 2TȐ!O]kl#&#ZAv-. y BX ufVٯ#y$N).Z,%mYINA'p6ᝳu1Rf ݛBRԘ
.fla.
ЀK0_hޕ{#_(
W=Xq oCs{$"CU4 i 7]T2f 26V掕jSOgv_My}w G:^'cXnPך(C-C[E?cNm{uk>.6ڸl{@}ͫ*smdX`nAru땯/- $KmAL瑬izY!m m5/N&mZ.8mVBĬ :tK Oo17 bҳg[eYύP;[;5lolփу]4diS =;tP4} Ya= Z
(ŘA0x060x:! StL"ZN$C ]g!%SnjemGWc?֟9Em*X{n#8^OLЇve e6k6eڠ3' !Hﴞ]wt\iźN%nC%3}* f-Ѹ *)6mvs=z J1XZYt %H"tLTkKsgoX
;2 7ߗ)MҹlZv 0g5Ac Õ|PށiVZ_n#QƀW I cDp\ C8 _ğM))QIIjB%$rŎ
_>fW/ ֹ3`fE sv"u^ c:YE ` EXӯ
YPMBR'] HsIجD!x]
IL>j/@%"k
s;<-an6`UR x)Zjl?>|R;6沩t>g=;.8Ok/,F_ :B/Wu;͙];Yn Gr%3AzUaHi7ok+72\7TDm|O} mg; zK'0bvηWSDUY$;u ՂMp{sn5Yݦ B<ă62Rɶ3{}s :|-t7%?k`֫~몿ڙk@[p5ߣ \{p+B\_j6-{6 ϯԁo=>aPC(/F>C[ϋzoJ|!D dL
ήj<35{'dVŐQt)DƬΛQ4-Am
Nk(ۼPztnh, L°91L`A!FHJ@@NkO䳱lv}Y[Da%> qY*+Da S;*[[X#Yp|$8(Hd.TG"@RBj IA{0IPfY<4s (> Iud? i jz 2$O>QAiKffh,--Vb0V˫eW gt`+~8"}UR)fmCDy&x](9t#; *o~k%^ƐDeg0` :_gO[c3łҶ>g w6s#Qz1Isr`=a&cʏM0
H:]ucaכ&PMv0vndB{֧:<"$Z_6-t3 UM+x7w
A >Y+2(Rk6 xZ vwB&-"y\ n QП.pY0ԋx,304C)Hl̸(hr2L˵jVuTkUO9:w^뮻c#;N ?:jn*FCcxda ;$o#Yyma~!IkOLa :L ~??x+ ] 62 e 2L3]d۹9KuN z StR$mZݧ'gʶsnlTǸ)9AL( 6Noch
>eEuZ{( z z
t6cz)ZyAjިpݻ.])_pc+v/E;7F#LE6N|ʕue6UܴvgZOypt}SmUװ?VM(kExÐng m곕 kzm HՕiR*q
c`v}űIESc y8?09x7U
I(h,{0 Y#{$|a B- FXmÇԝ g慸nTS Ė!6&q)NG!A{ ·J>PCv ]7 z=8j& Y ai4}r}.ZD)[J& wulp.سl8?wJxr)]K"Z ,Iʐ ,ag)\ѵ|LѮ .
vLV Fȩ%є^߃2BuVS| Ұcfo5UAc_th:{ћ' Af%w龢mbvVo-b(+~~,u{ \ fl,(iqScڶPթg.je0 uBuv 2ItfjNpŇ>ݙNꊌY|L}6D7xo35[g(Ès\ʴYZK'b_ޙȅ[0L8A@NY=rSV %vNq XHA˧Aڒ Dd^,(\. 9sYG5ZY OB*ׅQ\:=H6 0c:+bo<,q˓+ *H X5` hHQ Y(ar6t&1! Q;b۵sLoPjP# _N@&#x+K_q-Z,0;JFjk#] ̷o7=o0,,p3bD yDž "x\H'/<2# +tE8 gZ1vdyyYUO"=oy˛<mܩS[+Efg[J32<HL$X3lJQX80Ch_\97;wv' =M7JqRUCc}coh47@믐 X(S2ڠnN:h#8Vp@ lhNԊԎ/~ˇ4 )O8AnxPM{ޞU= i iQ#ǡ "䛸 رbҚcq]m}^x'Z4u >QnOkmLy$Si{R5
0$PO} `Gz ݍ{Y _2 AIjB ̲1sq@?җea~GZV%X=t[ZZB Jf#2ѼP.aw=& ǕtݣA;=$#PREZ[>$m> *INt
A
۾ONo9t&@z [ÿ낮3۶ [*";(7e]: ?Oxɉ*/ssm C>9uUs`#g>Z>8>r"knhpӃ٬C
6`Te)LC XVW z`y@{$6EM**&Q%a僣uuT{K/ x6Qne! X.7 HmH8AqZRǸk%$A@2/q#yOЇrIЮ j8 $x#=0`IZ ,_VfV㊬U m#`9 ҂/Zn:<~jdF_f8&Iwn6և f,{eN z h݊aM}Q 0 |w֤"3z& 7 _oRE²5nA( ]8c+ bIOmíAL@`mc ?VzG<
lg`p+qض 7w[T10ٲ zr Z+&ҍlϥXThYG0_~>Qn4:6,kF`X~yȡZO MQz h@ BDȂt"M`GPZvnNG&
#LJnDz4dD2ttNA6 y*jcyd=gc܁X
X-qSu* C6ASF't[W*p=Ll6GDÁZ{;ZdX$ tѠ6!CmL+#G4}69D8Lj;5%s߈Pw]^:6 j؛M @Qj~p;A3{*D*Bj
Y _T>x|p* nj )JnH
|$AN3i$
oXL?*9
l 9{ m L
eE,õH?|:Fh<=/w݄*""g C.Z8~ N pQ7M$5! ,7 D
8.Tkd%Ha/:B-
٨7kyv{$IdGwk4344r0_}dgd?Qk.}٢/Z
&} ɩy56>m e
K߿& 6aja۩ۇ2u5{eMm
. v "mp}cSTj[ ajIdhF[6#--^m5y9*,8aNrQN[uC_֊ ӶJb%E2]` !V6Wkuj<i;BR!`Զ=R6 9أaE"E*uXmԃ(>у[eZ8O||ozy Q2t`o4x >cNL f\W5f|jڕ0'd@Tu`!nʯ~ks00Rֺu tcl4Q1$`bhlڕ=tHk8:$; -xs: 2]Yd+eV(? eUB7Xo{.J ȵAn+{^@l VcZ vJK GgbtvK2 2ᔆkWeaɔ >r݈m6O*o9Ͱfqk |2 @mdugl@=FA
Ḋ/Ho JRYB[a`Tf.o4woƇxVJ8 gPK0 ǢE$I @$g\] up1u
+Dž*PdJ WgtLVDE$BS4M-[p'r`@&HB?;3$Xpp0& @o> ȚI
! 4A~( iTD
Or⼧*/e T`>)aD#K$ҀJPw'HP\ <31@. Ч$&|hȼ ~\7Vz]Tb!TyapaFd,xiqbhiL
ʵrnl- NQ" D$I @$g >1"XZr KX" &8mA $,K@HDbr6n 2HG%4-RN& "Lm(8}BҜn[1-y~,Ο@w,lTH)f~(Yo6|(9 .i@ۛ\8F:E$I @$HOQM 0%j*HBbw-iqj}l@a 6lp.
eW $taxcrx FY y`BmHui$geG?#= U; %HiD!6B^ ?9)"r0K춡 3.2lpDCB5$p '#C8y)
PD.s҅Б((2yP P:ro8'
R> | p!s 2"7x ;Jɩ)Uju;ʝ$[vR[ 1=vB
\\u,*Vdӵ4}!
l92d7rQgKVP+!멥4pSplku$$@!ӵirҧ&l1
jzt : ZϏ7st vӨV·t=~f>̤3YQɑ3"`JHR P&"u
&ya LoVu$|x2 {65{w0 r/쁋~(Dza$DOTSBjH(l<)JL塑iJ?lA`L . +_H2A,VP-_̎r_q0l90>@pD(o# @zupQW5]]i-.k(:},&W^sZ0 ==沱'N>p:_ @qd9}ty/zeA^p,#E],aÔ? =\ksv;4{{
UTLOnC?37L>Ut{#6PHB4 !B_G{$ȃhIDh^&
@vM$>Č %`$qh2G`O l$+ŁʬCCÃ~cm0-.s ̵dl-PcPa e^%dzr0yhr$_p Pa= pik2gdO"ő8X ##y٠9G7>S@6 hga%h!VX^Xs0]/Y:Jv1"[&''_8}tk l/ 0wfR1,hj7kU &uaR d/o& C 8I
qr#jP>eBCZB8alA!>`$荓l_u85?
ǁR@ 1xぅ/Y:fܷW7CDIlp&]yi׃kIOf%naz둺 +gLͻR<2iVȽZ9Ne\NrpptO:.ܩ&rsў2'Y"&)*&$$Q-g
);r
Ôܨ~/{!rt,M\{`gmO~|g6 33J>F-(ƂH%tb'c B鯻gJ4 o 4;3ykP,6W z.K|{Eϭb7|' `zTk pe2&xCHJ[
0( ~ .p\Ux- &`
$VIpItq?<1mëv\pe˃>To Zʎ2Q$ J2ZĈ8%& +q["$Q gBGAaK(Q9y q.0k%{ !v8) ZPyQU$I؝ckMRXLs4tymIS4x;ꖹchb,@ Ffd:lm&jq1@ /8" 0ٹyZ
˭W P,fv}މH Z'#SSWBt VL]s$t a5` )\ CMϯ]Jqǎ Br. Wׁ$Bt]]3D ZhH< PjX,ύrvuABam:*bIUq=c%Y !.%3#צ# pKA} ̨Ѕ; X[T'">&Q D0K *ۃĄ8P ±Le ?
T!Xݥ1P=% YG- }9dAUf ~}哧K&DPńYF N$EK o+
*.4|`}(z_\qIz 0] kӊᭀFv { %PS?,mVжşP&կz@$d6=uiD%4G %i/(?1Ԇd!G.y:'[HC&GjKa&LQ!9hv]ްyDPEɨV/7y;<1
hE84116tZ&ɔ `X%8N@x`>x4,% q,S3: [:qM/
Ue
hb< |G҉L5|uN|-Oo;܇ yO/s^brr=o|cFGzmuo6 R2S7h0J"FWi7 l_kHZ 1H[Ϊ(KXB,ԍsI 4qU#X.{5q
|BFH[GP >Dw6/TѸ E 9ȡ l=zm0_8EaWC'MgyQ A%F
\r333( _={v_d˕z!a2Ȋ:s
)7tAI'6x%.>Mېo=>XIIi.a+J[m UIhrL[ *K">SVb {c 6 .5_$'dà ᠙| rPAhh!/"F. Vf 6HYU*UNO xFJ DhPc3S屡n
K
+L@:۳g3o0t]Z w}3yL! ȍq%ҭGeNv01^8
"k&bv&>/.-- UV$5>??kx Noh:J4A3[$HI*0@l&AxrУplk B
8a-@aׁ6?qt~`
C4 H
_`>0
5#X8 zX ^?|'+˅j'Mk*u/
%ePQBo781u||G2G&Ab&|+ d6ȃF'V,Q94b >Ѳ`Gy2ymjT*s^XXJ8Aut4O˽aK?e}Xr 2 @ gfTR;t09 +5^F~3?=cM۫7}\t 3 StXs4 wUNﮖʠMA fX6 Qsxf旐bq g :~$#鲅@t8_Z\]nJ?D2kZy̯?ŋ1v ?pv Xi ~s
< i1*N<SDaz- o ]Po/fD >t ؏ C3/>m?_ {:eߺqmmk{k{ ^ɪXSXZϷٵg?\Z[J {אbGS+=:e|eN]Bۃ2hk.42^? U#:&~Mw~嫬gѦkb㖿OQ[V118A~Ե?_ZRƚ>mh5VU |YiAb*:X4> _heG*ֻgFl jm"Bw ga Qk ., )z hcB rʿ6;{tJ4Z-쭴<ل$|LI'3Y豚zȂ#$HЩL_HA4p'Ʌa`IAo: cw rր)-j0@F78`!m':01y+^ŁxzT
__-FX3Ggz#f)wev>(˰&Bh4p8vԁʯ~H W$-oz#3`mXX葭RCά|>)f&ʴ,> 3+߿ˈpq+5d5]
0)u/!&xǰΟUoQe=$.CvYb[֧X$@ϲn]+Ω#0-p 磫lmH*bh*6ttk6,`-wH
:Yp҄vm 5lƪ$W+)%u^g6.-]A.Uw/S
Flt4[4Mkppq;Q[hw31bÚVmzy.~m]!"5@tZVZTz>x6^,~ Q PjYTEY][9R..fCTV/ Dpp؋i$'\w3IU-en l- _ ]ރXC^
ת0͆$VSTz|D~h"C($Q.ZaT. <' o s\f}\N$ q $[hnF7TG
UqxlK$;?VDZu*1_B ~q5 6Fܧ 2ptZɥ&5iD /յ"^{b$/z
7\ݝw݅CVwѣw>bw[~{nZCZ&/
y 0̍7(fvBl7V.f] )t-70
y;~m5auu
/ȟ/9C dzC Pt6կz%Հ + u 'O^}UK~ZOC# U4Sq |ܷo] :)c@]?;\Odk!\sծ] nxWmmmnBpXs/W7q5[pkc'?QL]k-VlQIbgz; USH]x :ɣ9mӵ pmE{:P=6!5t33o}v#>z-;vLt`w}s ?^z \| < l* qfYDť/]ިZu9UhP/ƕd: \0眈DEh0SQeYONP]A#X5( ,:>b7ݲ, (wp|E^woʡ/*ە1Lx!/&ρ ! dӭ5̀{1GGq < ,/ k0V `cVHbF/H% z-7D՛ML~M0>6v~ }juYn=&gT V'nvagN DGpӾnʱBP)W[l/ǭ+ #Zyg1`^oI;Na8E 3_`,[ \X` B( aőm *8j ãqo3*iR_vi[!PP 6 bpp^Z$W>R l( &i*a67F}_AyFVh% 3%˚dN!ӊѵb7 6rcVj@ƴ+ $uHַWjQbx~AMD鯴Ǐ "ůHW,t|BM C $!%E랞:7닧 \yfA
Rf ͆Q!zj3D>|? um F0!euM99^`{a{Ms dL/=8t5#/y_:;^}BnS
j'B8) ]h
Y/4$˨ BJujf![YNo-h4jRCg)% Oz d8(J #+LPm >9M% g2\7b- 95o;A8.(`|yG1̇
t[:{4G 1.a@oub?85_bh-v~~`<6db
4:~'>H C]G fhml+ t}de r u7 ژVʆ]&D9>H:Va\
?6[[Ѻf^SE Ĵ>N'͜D\8ܷ%- V lF! &FG eB i1%>]sd$ >c} 1j ]^&(( 3YI'9 /ba8i@&%@3,-GlZiʾ%"7hx~
[rJm 7_G@Dfg aP'P/jaΏI9$3 g %d] ehL 7^x2FE@\*KjL%x$"l6 $ VijRHIAN)ֳmtMz9l9lR-=!6۶a]s~3P]pg0~_EٖH7#4k
kD{s(˸ wtm
b:ٯLPLA j8]7bf&{8w N!;lZ[Ͷ
,#7~^rmnLixm)0 IRdTm:ǝ] $w?ZѪ#:C[ ٖ
0!mZ
,$ߩ{%$" xYcۖu:EvA ULBm6[7 [K`"=W>HvuCe! v75"Ss^Bne@ qZ{ z钋0 _K )5rd$CV-
ӄ>ORKWK*ojTk}0G0O#&) IhK4gs]i&PmjͦR`H!̅_E= u/C_N VHzp"$^ē0IV3׆>SɷPz<lg p?| `I.b& \eόq~!Bȶ$[Bi x?/}]aFmg
E88njpI堜~mÆzQ_zh JoV{6T>,xjSy{7t0m:r
/b#0r(Ad[wCiAbsb!n@+FlAϿ쥇z4W^qyە4?F| [6 mJ&VC!{$˟mŐJ Ƣږ_O.v*ֻ :yOrfFgHϕ%dgX "ưAx4t `jו>z
ãq1 ܖ`}f6|@"A冡߹ H*/VeҚ
Q_ոⅪeCuGK17dZ{%Zr#X;P3)Sr`LMó! 29 7G^OuNm6y&>&Zڞn V#_}
IݑQǘnZ: i 9uh!dG$S%'y{W&W1\1,鄆6C`GʵF^{m+Co2fhUucѲ2iL5Č9 nr#FPa։ޅ/kFH.+P^L0mE `,@b^( [ 涍C]C&gD⭉]5)6r0s~"j uq헶W㏯O e#ޜz]Gej(3ΕAkgavPy)Q04qxm/N8f4>2U`b5Ɩֹ U¨ TP*ݺ5dvqm?hlhS1TY%-9KA=:셑|'q[IFlx+PRѸow,znڟ%ksJIkyEI@Ll[)f`hear'tf;4OZC*0 ſT!ʕ%_y70>GҊ[i h襆Y795i0W3SӃTS#gQE B] ݮKQ/C<GC\Db҅"Ȑi.8r/3І=x*!%B.jH7 >՟4k #B6]ZZ F&rc#|t& "O $G -1lӁre t%2FhSFToN~]xЍ$u-`-
a,*R ެm/* !NPWwV{_Lv7M[X+yvBv FNw0*ZlcVj{<] 6wV${ Q2UppSfmen@ Aن} (ULPQ
n\+QMo['K2EHE)MKQZBJUXz`/=a:z)9mڐ z _< P -jgG [ȢkAb Fvd P GLA*ԓ&9ãA<}K(Cm E)P
rTs1l QX| Sce7x++*3Z\B<&k8hY
{ۋ6X#
G7(:3ii-U#FBcrչbn8hPEO[k!́UpFCW[̽0 ]_ L!QTw.Э#5fM 5rKt9I l?< ?7!]5xLY :ѻL3wUWmt%=(mmunQs
_4q`y)z^ V+F#8W Q*ubup`0yP%sOś> r9$5A=;wd2@.H!b, {$۶ m KA a[!)+:Y1TzѰX C?
-/Zìz6n՚V76Қb>
5f`>؆g V05DEbhŃawJ>σ05!! YID}HL#ń/0<wЀ\<\r<Zʥ5$/$S' &#`e `#LimxѴ
8 ߱г 6;h3M.` k f>JؙN"YQN>ztURgޛ0c+F7BqnC;g>o#6h8V4ˮD}=[Ɂc+jdDZ BZfb\XCRjbcζ7}+дu
PdS Gl*0 <ٻ \3PThɶ<=F¶PZmm=L[$,BҝPLmC9Y@Uk \2h`Rp"0Ki
gl;wY~4sTJShę+i 7R DKeYBO-d 7K<ډjκli$Qtb DʳOv}'H fk%#1xQ Hia `o$^&U0uG<$ V ᔠ,|K^fXL#b#6|0^@瘮c!Mu*Sfq>)%5 3m ")%6@ _n 8B !Dgnܱw
Nk.} L. xLWzm/Ӊ*PlèvL. 9 XgƕhvT*I_G6,`[po#c8V>9IBSN{|,XfwwE&L/|_b{;~* a8fMj#:]XqM@d *oz|y_Ɗ
P PC Ƕ ""'`+I1ħAhZkotcњ8qFk!wAr-+Ü( UtKKKtQC
DVpܼl"G
$B=[~٢ zW}z00 AmLt -=J11n2LOO UBhܳ{=X1.-AtMoފv4p,
MqNa ??#s z_auLVưuKv;>1>mDv[:y B@|0"lL
G[h-V=K/ K&9ױRy$wIL'|#z75nNqXE | Q Oz IRbm\GbgF
|1 zZ\6Ih1!RaX Ib>03! J A7 V#J<<ص~f\<7D{$~0b?9k(\j$ Z@زZq,IEɓu@!LN!\/o_:5:ఠh!oH)6E)0|K6zD@ ~ՉXRǿu&mˈcނgh]Z㎱'g[B^2B
%Ow ttul?gh,e5l+ }F:* $/h5 ^8O{E9~%r+zۯv'`T!^t(,^7%\^^~պ߀U&]sу4k^j6cv+]4PeV Q2JʃʡIm %z >#H?
ݸ
d)h[Fowll
j5 V
uְp$܄l!a:71 Y<h#' ^%
k,h)ʇ &q;uAɐ;~Z*bGW
<l/A: |p']|k_{jXbCr%/݅e[Hi:ͷ=9 %(`κag,t|i[.[|I
2M$gsRW5d&߄ y4D"ezQ
D d HA vxume
ߍ KeJH@S4
ˠ&dƁ;rNA1ݕ8^R[(tZ9s
,* j=j٢^Lj',/=t˻~ =vxG5/cxjr-= 'bOY.)E%7߄wz*̒R+I,vX
`ԧmOL4x/! anwְsq 4m8Z=?@ k}j9x 6<്B=S^mb`c8\9P cp+*}OEchbȠ.t
pl,+nrʳ֕
o#awNelۭ?/mu{a(-k"WodcsuUòLC% ;zn0A<11۱a^zmb@t
( @tG. [G{F 9ݝx!C(?{_$}^w}@ $6ZAȲJRlYN1Iy$I"'osgǩJ RvlYDE" 09+ȯٜ |97Kzً_;w 矿ˏWzi q{յ₅3hAXG|MT_zFk V`f $K3( ?Ú$1LaydS]>IxFT%-$V鶚&"0Pm7زgZfH2F~ xRb
V cpR t]L75{ciEȐO0
S(|̂>/ʚ.cpFx!8(~Oo
{.=Lꉡ.D{ʯ
4'"ZF}ު+4YRViwRWscϟxm[\jY}[U #`|sF`F1#Mw93-ĸ4 667N-/ϧqdLMmoQߩ(;N4$>a e:5gCCx'7D>a頻pr'@D< 'l0D}?8 G0a
`G tq4Ǹ>HMpwѝ!D0m$b |SY(D`Wd)^]pZ*dF).tI+b'倯ˤ1
Ƕpޠ D)gO /U?W7z $xaF`F=><(
1Q0'q $\:{ ˟,t1Q!MN (Q৪0'MEG.+r- GwUrqӴvM\SyxR9ˇ F(8!9Ȼwa< bĸa>p?JGt?7t5NZeU(㒛xHY)v8:l7 x ( :T͖r*V pbh0
@C}g4 88 @q^4
BAo_ FǬs8|{F`Fxd İ4#0Fu[wn53e`. 6 p~I8lQqx:(EdPQ yjT
4e{TՆ;(R=7MSar8 ^Q7K2pNa9?`F]Ii. W¢K\ [0p}>q}U+!m Z)|8:t"etoY|4&(5[*yQ)Յ-}f. [/m,|_bOVhrhF
z",
Mz? `F` { |3v"|ά,ٮz$/;?0,[zqV@DT% Ơ/"٘$
)Ѯ\vU_ugAѥvl )d~r8tGI?H+8ib8+%g DvtW=sLuq
ł
ZǐDu8 EZ/V'jmfab~B_3S7"Cٮʺ*Eښ/7^
$Sy5Xn{0)Ȓ^tppGwx K93 #0cD fӲzC]ϐ3JAX^@E-?7L>D
l@3#LR4skB LݶUd4? E$ .(2*2ijѴ]wAtGQR__< tD] cCNw|r?iR} #0 #D~_2
]K#Ǎ
,j-B۫?4^Y~&_qƒ5p=RD^q%r)EBƴHb:As }5nG_ţK %gGN8QH AY_\
O`o9WBˈQ ⌣'|PgoI nYl:~ 0@PJu=i i_:e^'Kzn嗮ˎk,`0X!'F`F`>
O+Rsv&+@n`JpQu k乷o gQ) w\eԫf'LU䞘嫸 :U"
E|TA]=; P$ѣ o)]VP+O,⛌Y-=2X 6@=?Q%#4ąyy#G`{6 cqԱ5ǎw<{/R0Uwjk=z0c%YoS3{eF`B _堘EEa_yӉnn_<?pbY$2'6Xy5>֨vÂC6*:8ѫb+"S>2:t2 #0 #'/b^X^(
#b'0aW
,ٶzfz54InF/u8c͏tvvvK5>է0 #0O$M(ЖWE ;Yvbe+ MßVؠF0F21R
7b+Δ,&`YǡǯbY(
Ό4TL,LjnSI1Qa.[P-0Es {;
1=#IW2Zm~ng梗(i9PP&էȿ>(F`F '|h"c5L7 ] җ<~r< DwO xD=dXhgOo KuRU [)uo]>\ƎJ0WcJlH"-
"M\4AݻGMH)k:i yncK{{A@ au=] V<uesS[۷;;A_ƢTn:v;Nz {P{rpF`' '| QTp
WVAM
8@)O#ς䝝}QGj]oƠ R#q]ѷFYP.q;Ã4V|t"WwF^֘nDp:7#`wB0qjzIRqơ8l CI,BRu6͡q)gJ^YҘ }?Ѵ ?pG
'q9: ]:tK
j Y\pSzmusO^8 k`'>ٔ (٥Z ^! ^w5ҭ+nJp=)ӉTừ qTQ |[Cl/!i c`8`MrAGjx;χ 0}÷q啵tf NAID0fy岞@?` #0 #0E>gh,5hb#/&}
oRtvm{՞Mՙ[nȓ@QX|bTekWsSs|CkulTG)-I6S9{A#yo2A N{P\a 7JspLA+Q `M1 #0 #Po?ǪJVol6fT(:nD~0c=~;vXmpE$ pԻH[Ti,?WfWKw-[+/>f(Z,Ӯy.xp0 #0 67 &N\To9nnmfTL>bv ]≚SZl?;ZkzUCn"2`~&"OD1.%qO o7&\ζ*a"lBCaGIÄ(},.;TW\*sh]^8lYo=}fmw{cD.ɪTEP p1UJNkb͕ Dʘ*HU$-~-I挄3~dIlR_bR(' f/ϱvWyFnwF!Ԡc ԜONg "%,i
bg|J*DV'x'6@\Q8xv >̏7?6#0 #Ukkk\TCJ'e/gV<ϥNmi˹=)%2 -@[}OFVhBX^+Ad4I
2R1Jfmb5x &TVF,U{@?<4jg.b-%bbc}?I,